Desideri Enrico, Ciccarone Fabio, Ciriolo Maria Rosa, Fratantonio Deborah
Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome.
IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2021 Aug 20;172:508-520. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.030. Epub 2021 Jun 29.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles released from most cell types that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying DNA, non-coding RNAs, proteins and lipids out of cells. The composition of EVs depends on the cell or tissue of origin and changes according to their pathophysiological conditions, making EVs a potential circulating biomarker of disease. Additionally, the natural tropism of EVs for specific organs and cells has raised the interest in their use as delivery vehicles. In this review, we provide an overview of EV biogenesis, isolation and characterization. We also discuss EVs in the context of endothelial pathophysiology, summarizing the current knowledge about their role in cell communication in quiescent and activated endothelial cells. In the last part, we describe the potential use of EVs as delivery vehicles of bioactive compounds and the current strategies to load exogenous cargo and to functionalize EVs to drive them to a specific tissue.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是从大多数细胞类型释放的纳米级囊泡，通过将DNA、非编码RNA、蛋白质和脂质带出细胞，在细胞间通讯中发挥关键作用。EVs的组成取决于其起源的细胞或组织，并根据其病理生理状况而变化，这使得EVs成为疾病潜在的循环生物标志物。此外，EVs对特定器官和细胞的天然趋向性引发了人们对其作为递送载体应用的兴趣。在本综述中，我们概述了EVs的生物发生、分离和表征。我们还在内皮细胞病理生理学的背景下讨论了EVs，总结了目前关于它们在静止和活化内皮细胞的细胞通讯中作用的知识。在最后一部分，我们描述了EVs作为生物活性化合物递送载体的潜在用途，以及目前加载外源货物和使EVs功能化以驱动它们至特定组织的策略。
