Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, G56 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000, USA.
Physiol Behav. 2021 Oct 1;239:113512. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113512. Epub 2021 Jul 1.
An individual bout of eating involves cues to start eating, as well as cues to terminate eating. One process that determines initiation of eating is food reinforcement. Foods with high reinforcing value are also likely to be consumed in greater quantities. Research suggests both cross-sectional and prospective relationships between food reinforcement and obesity, food reinforcement is positively related to energy intake, and energy intake mediates the relationship between food reinforcement and obesity. A process related to cessation of eating is habituation. Habituation is a general behavioral process that describes a reduction in physiological or affective response to a stimulus, or a reduction in the behavioral responding to obtain a stimulus. Repeated exposure to the same food during a meal can result in habituation to that food and a reduction in consumption. Habituation is also cross-sectionally and prospectively related to body weight, as people who habituate slower consume more in a meal and are more overweight. Research from our laboratory has shown that these two processes independently influence eating, as they can account for almost 60% of the variance in ad libitum intake. In addition, habituation phenotypes show reliable relationships with reinforcing value, such that people who habituate faster also find food less reinforcing. Developing a better understanding of cues to start and stop eating is fundamental to understanding how to modify eating behavior. An overview of research on food reinforcement, habituation and food intake for people with a range of weight status and without eating disorders is provided, and ideas about integrating these two processes that are related to initiation and termination of a bout of eating are discussed.
单次进食涉及开始进食的线索，以及结束进食的线索。决定进食开始的一个过程是食物强化。具有高强化价值的食物也可能被大量消耗。研究表明，食物强化与肥胖之间存在横断面和前瞻性关系，食物强化与能量摄入呈正相关，能量摄入介导了食物强化与肥胖之间的关系。与停止进食相关的过程是习惯化。习惯化是一种普遍的行为过程，描述了对刺激的生理或情感反应的减少，或获得刺激的行为反应的减少。在一顿饭中反复接触相同的食物会导致对该食物的习惯化，并减少消耗。习惯化也与体重呈横断面和前瞻性相关，因为习惯化较慢的人在一顿饭中消耗更多，超重更多。我们实验室的研究表明，这两个过程独立地影响进食，因为它们可以解释随意摄入的近 60%的差异。此外，习惯化表型与强化价值有可靠的关系，即习惯化速度较快的人也觉得食物的强化作用较小。更好地了解开始和停止进食的线索是理解如何改变进食行为的基础。本文概述了对不同体重状态和无饮食障碍人群的食物强化、习惯化和食物摄入的研究，并讨论了整合与进食回合开始和结束相关的这两个过程的想法。
