Campos Alejandro, Port John D, Acosta Andres
Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Brain Sci. 2022 Mar 24;12(4):431. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12040431.
Food intake regulation in humans is a complex process controlled by the dynamic interaction of homeostatic and hedonic systems. Homeostatic regulation is controlled by appetitive signals from the gut, adipose tissue, and the vagus nerve, while conscious and unconscious reward processes orchestrate hedonic regulation. On the one hand, sight, smell, taste, and texture perception deliver potent food-related feedback to the central nervous system (CNS) and influence brain areas related to food reward. On the other hand, macronutrient composition stimulates the release of appetite signals from the gut, which are translated in the CNS into unconscious reward processes. This multi-level regulation process of food intake shapes and regulates human ingestive behavior. Identifying the interface between hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain areas is critical to advance our understanding of conditions like obesity and develop better therapeutical interventions. Neuroimaging studies allow us to take a glance into the central nervous system (CNS) while these processes take place. This review focuses on the available neuroimaging evidence to describe this interaction between the homeostatic and hedonic components in human food intake regulation.
人类的食物摄入调节是一个复杂的过程，由稳态系统和享乐系统的动态相互作用控制。稳态调节由来自肠道、脂肪组织和迷走神经的食欲信号控制，而有意识和无意识的奖励过程则协调享乐调节。一方面，视觉、嗅觉、味觉和质地感知向中枢神经系统（CNS）传递强大的与食物相关的反馈，并影响与食物奖励相关的脑区。另一方面，宏量营养素组成刺激肠道释放食欲信号，这些信号在中枢神经系统中转化为无意识的奖励过程。这种食物摄入的多层次调节过程塑造并调节人类的摄食行为。识别激素、神经递质和脑区之间的界面对于推进我们对肥胖等疾病的理解以及开发更好的治疗干预措施至关重要。神经影像学研究使我们能够在这些过程发生时窥探中枢神经系统（CNS）。本综述重点关注现有的神经影像学证据，以描述人类食物摄入调节中稳态和享乐成分之间的这种相互作用。
