School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430072, China.
State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
Chemosphere. 2021 Dec;284:131374. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131374. Epub 2021 Jun 30.
Probiotic supplementation is effective to modulate the metabolic disorders caused by perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To this end, the present study exposed adult zebrafish to PFBS (0 and 10 μg/L), probiotics, or their binary combinations for 40 days. After the exposure, the nutritional stores, intestinal organization, and metabolic activities along the gut-liver axis were investigated. The results showed that PFBS exposure decreased the nutrient reserves significantly, especially the lipid content, which was alleviated by the probiotic administration. Intestinal mucus secretion was promoted remarkably in the presence of the probiotic, which enhanced epithelial protection against PFBS damage. Metagenomic analysis showed that PFBS alone induced gut microbial dysbiosis, which was efficiently antagonized by the probiotic bacteria. Intestinal metabolomic profiling revealed that ferroptosis occurred because of the unrestricted lipid peroxidation following PFBS exposure. However, probiotic administration prevented the ferroptotic symptoms induced by PFBS, further highlighting the beneficial effects of the probiotic on the host. In PFBS-exposed livers, high levels of bile acid metabolites (e.g., taurochenodeoxycholic acid) accumulated, implying the induction of cholestasis. Notably, probiotic addition recovered the metabolomic homeostasis under PFBS stress, probably resulting from the activation of detoxification pathways based on the pentose and glucuronate interconversion. Overall, the present study provides systematic evidence of the antagonistic interaction between PFBS and the probiotic regarding the metabolic activities along the microbe, gut and liver axis, highlighting the application values of probiotic recipe in aquaculture industry and ecological reservation.
益生菌补充剂可有效调节全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）引起的代谢紊乱。然而，其潜在机制尚不清楚。为此，本研究将成年斑马鱼暴露于 PFBS（0 和 10μg/L）、益生菌或它们的二元混合物中 40 天。暴露后，研究了沿肠道-肝脏轴的营养储存、肠道组织和代谢活性。结果表明，PFBS 暴露显著降低了营养储备，特别是脂质含量，而益生菌的给药可缓解这一情况。益生菌的存在显著促进了肠道粘液的分泌，增强了上皮细胞对 PFBS 损伤的保护作用。宏基因组分析表明，PFBS 单独诱导肠道微生物失调，而益生菌可有效拮抗这种失调。肠道代谢组学分析表明，PFBS 暴露后发生了铁死亡，因为脂质过氧化不受限制。然而，益生菌给药可预防 PFBS 引起的铁死亡症状，进一步强调了益生菌对宿主的有益作用。在 PFBS 暴露的肝脏中，高水平的胆汁酸代谢物（如牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸）积累，表明发生了胆汁淤积。值得注意的是，益生菌的添加恢复了 PFBS 应激下的代谢组学稳态，这可能是由于基于戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化的解毒途径的激活。总之，本研究提供了 PFBS 与益生菌在微生物、肠道和肝脏轴代谢活性方面拮抗相互作用的系统证据，强调了益生菌配方在水产养殖和生态保护中的应用价值。
