Lin Jessica, Sorrells Matthew G, Lam Wilbur A, Neeves Keith B
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Emory University Atlanta GA USA.
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Colorado School of Mines Golden CO USA.
Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2021 Jul 14;5(5):e12548. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12548. eCollection 2021 Jul.
This illustrated review focuses on the physical forces that regulate hemostasis and thrombosis. These phenomena span from the vessel to the cellular to the molecular scales. Blood is a complex fluid with a viscosity that varies with how fast it flows and the size of the vessel through which it flows. Blood flow imposes forces on the vessel wall and blood cells that dictates the kinetics, structure, and stability of thrombi. The mechanical properties of blood cells create a segmented flowing fluid whereby red blood cells concentrate in the vessel core and platelets marginate to the near-wall region. At the vessel wall, shear stresses are highest, which requires a repertoire of receptors with different bond kinetics to roll, tether, adhere, and activate on inflamed endothelium and extracellular matrices. As a thrombus grows and then contracts, forces regulate platelet aggregation as well as von Willebrand factor function and fibrin mechanics. Forces can also originate from platelets as they respond to the external forces and sense the stiffness of their local environment.
本图文综述聚焦于调节止血和血栓形成的物理力。这些现象涵盖从血管尺度到细胞尺度再到分子尺度。血液是一种复杂流体，其粘度随流动速度和流经血管的大小而变化。血流对血管壁和血细胞施加力，这些力决定了血栓的动力学、结构和稳定性。血细胞的机械特性形成了一种分层流动的流体，其中红细胞集中在血管核心，血小板边缘化至近壁区域。在血管壁处，剪切应力最高，这需要一系列具有不同结合动力学的受体在炎症内皮和细胞外基质上滚动、系留、粘附并激活。随着血栓生长然后收缩，力调节血小板聚集以及血管性血友病因子功能和纤维蛋白力学。力也可源自血小板，因为它们对外力作出反应并感知局部环境的硬度。
