A Systematic Review of the Effects of Temperature on Mosquito Development and Survival: Implications for Malaria Control in a Future Warmer Climate.

The rearing temperature of the immature stages can have a significant impact on the life-history traits and the ability of adult mosquitoes to transmit diseases. This review assessed published evidence of the effects of temperature on the immature stages, life-history traits, insecticide susceptibility, and expression of enzymes in the adult mosquito. Original articles published through 31 March 2021 were systematically retrieved from Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases. After applying eligibility criteria, 29 studies were included. The review revealed that immature stages of were more tolerant (in terms of survival) to a higher temperature than and . Higher temperatures resulted in smaller larval sizes and decreased hatching and pupation time. The development rate and survival of was significantly reduced at a higher temperature than a lower temperature. Increasing temperatures decreased the longevity, body size, length of the gonotrophic cycle, and fecundity of mosquitoes. Higher rearing temperatures increased pyrethroid resistance in adults of the SENN DDT strain, and increased pyrethroid tolerance in the SENN strain. Increasing temperature also significantly increased Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) expression and decreased insecticide toxicity. Both extreme low and high temperatures affect mosquito development and survival. Climate change could have diverse effects on mosquitoes. The sensitivities of mosquitoes to temperature differ from species to species, even among the same complex. Notwithstanding, there seem to be limited studies on the effects of temperature on adult life-history traits of mosquitoes, and more studies are needed to clarify this relationship.