Wang Yihui, Quan Hongkun, Li Xiaohui, Li Qiang, Haque Md Atiqul, Shi Qin, Fu Qiang, He Cheng
College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 12;12:676671. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676671. eCollection 2021.
Fumonisin B (FB) and other fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins (secondary metabolites of fungi) present at high levels of contamination in poultry diets and threatening the sustainability of the poultry industry and egg safety for consumers. However, residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs and their effects on chicken progeny and gizzard ulcerations remain unclear. To unveil mycotoxin contaminations from daily diets to breeder eggs, 293 poultry feed samples were collected from three large-scale poultry provinces across Northern China to Southern China. Average levels of 1,628 ± 4.36 μg/kg of FB, 593 ± 11.16 μg/kg of DON, 69 ± 9.21 μg/kg of ZEN, 52 ± 7.33 μg/kg of OTA, and 24 ± 5.85 μg/kg of AFB were found in feedstuffs and poultry diets using commercial ELISA kits. In terms of residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs, FB and DON contaminations dominated residues in egg albumen and yolk samples. Out of 221 breeder eggs, the average residual of FB in albumen were 320.6 ± 10.12 μg/kg (Hebei), 420.2 ± 10.98 μg/kg (Guangdong), and 549.4 ± 10.27 (Guangxi). Moreover, higher residual of DONs were determined in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces compared to Hebei province. ZEN, ochratoxins A (OTA), and aflatoxin B (AFB) contamination at low levels were found in the above samples collected from afronmentioned three provinces. Based on residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs, SPF embryonated eggs aged 11 days were inoculated into albumen with different doses of FB, FB or DON, or a combination of FB and DON, or a combination of FB with FB and FB. A lower hatching rate was observed in the chicken progenies with the combination of 24 μg of FB and 0.1 μg of DON compared to other treatments. Moreover, typical gizzard ulcerations with hemorrhagic lungs were observed in the progeny of breeder eggs post-inoculation of 24 μg of FB and synergetic inoculation of FB and DON. Finally, residual FB mycotoxins were detected in the gizzards and in the lungs of the progenies. Based on the above evidence, feed-borne FB and DON are dominant mycotoxins in breeder eggs and threatening food security using breeder eggs as a Trojan horse. More importantly, the residual of FB alone and in combination with of DON contamination are associated with low hatching rate and gizzard ulcerations in chicken progenies, hampering sustainable development perspectives of the poultry industry.
伏马菌素B（FB）及其他伏马菌素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）是霉菌毒素（真菌的次生代谢产物），在家禽日粮中污染水平较高，威胁着家禽业的可持续发展以及消费者的鸡蛋安全。然而，种蛋中的霉菌毒素残留及其对雏鸡后代和肌胃溃疡的影响仍不清楚。为揭示日常日粮至种蛋中的霉菌毒素污染情况，从中国北方到南方的三个大型家禽养殖省份收集了293份家禽饲料样本。使用商业酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒在饲料和家禽日粮中检测到平均含量为1628±4.36μg/kg的FB、593±11.16μg/kg的DON、69±9.21μg/kg的ZEN、52±7.33μg/kg的OTA和24±5.85μg/kg的AFB。就种蛋中的残留霉菌毒素而言，FB和DON污染在蛋清和蛋黄样本的残留中占主导。在221枚种蛋中，蛋清中FB的平均残留量在河北为320.6±10.12μg/kg、在广东为420.2±10.98μg/kg、在广西为549.4±10.27μg/kg。此外，与河北省相比，广东省和广西壮族自治区检测到的DON残留量更高。在上述从上述三个省份采集的样本中发现了低水平的ZEN、赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）和黄曲霉毒素B（AFB）污染。基于种蛋中的残留霉菌毒素，将11日龄的无特定病原体（SPF）胚胎蛋接种不同剂量的FB、FB或DON、FB与DON的组合或FB与FB的组合。与其他处理相比，在24μg FB和0.1μg DON组合的雏鸡后代中观察到较低的孵化率。此外，在接种24μg FB以及FB与DON协同接种的种蛋后代中观察到典型的肌胃溃疡和肺部出血。最后，在后代的肌胃和肺部中检测到残留的FB霉菌毒素。基于上述证据，饲料传播的FB和DON是种蛋中的主要霉菌毒素，并以种蛋作为特洛伊木马威胁食品安全。更重要的是，单独的FB残留以及与DON污染的组合与雏鸡后代的低孵化率和肌胃溃疡有关，阻碍了家禽业的可持续发展前景。
