Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
Toxins (Basel). 2019 Apr 2;11(4):198. doi: 10.3390/toxins11040198.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat fungal diseases, causing yield loss, quality reduction, and accumulation of mycotoxins. The aim of this research was to summarize the occurrence of major mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) in two consecutive years to search the relationship between disease incidence and severity with mycotoxins found in control and inoculated grains and corresponding malt. In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in one-year research was measured. Tested wheat varieties showed infection scores of 3% ('U1' and 'Sirban Prolifik') to 79% ('Golubica') for Type I resistance evaluation. There were few moderately resistant varieties in view of their areas under the disease progress curve, which can be considered Type III resistance ('Sirban Prolifik' and 'U1'). According to the data quantified by LC-MS/MS, DON decreased in infected malt in comparison to corresponding grain, while ZEN occurred only in infected malt samples. Both 3-AcDON and NIV increased in inoculated malt in comparison to corresponding grain, due to a combination of plant metabolism and de novo synthesis by molds during malting. Based on the results, we can draw a few conclusions: the resistance to decreased quantified concentrations of DON; ZEN gets synthetized during malting; unregulated 3-AcDON and NIV increase during malting; more resistant varieties have converted DON to D3G more successfully. Modified mycotoxins should be also included to legislation, since they could be transformed back to the corresponding mycotoxins under food processing conditions or during digestion.
镰刀菌穗腐病（FHB）是小麦最具破坏性的真菌病害之一，会导致减产、降低品质和霉菌毒素积累。本研究旨在总结两年内主要霉菌毒素（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-AcDON）、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN））的发生情况，研究病害发生率和严重程度与控制和接种谷物以及相应麦芽中发现的霉菌毒素之间的关系。此外，还测量了一年研究中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷（D3G）。测试的小麦品种的感染评分范围为 3%（“U1”和“Sirban Prolifik”）到 79%（“Golubica”），用于 1 型抗性评价。考虑到其病害进展曲线下的面积，很少有中度抗性品种，可被认为是 3 型抗性（“Sirban Prolifik”和“U1”）。根据 LC-MS/MS 定量的数据，与相应的谷物相比，感染的麦芽中 DON 减少，而 ZEN 仅出现在感染的麦芽样本中。与相应的谷物相比，接种的麦芽中 3-AcDON 和 NIV 增加，这是由于植物代谢和霉菌在制麦过程中从头合成的结合。基于这些结果，我们可以得出一些结论：对 DON 减少的量化浓度有抗性；ZEN 在制麦过程中合成；制麦过程中未受监管的 3-AcDON 和 NIV 增加；更具抗性的品种更成功地将 DON 转化为 D3G。在立法中也应包括改性霉菌毒素，因为它们在食品加工条件下或在消化过程中可能会转化回相应的霉菌毒素。
