Wispriyono Bambang, Jalaludin Juliana, Kusnoputranto Haryoto, Pakpahan Sasnila, Aryati Gita Permata, Pratama Satria, Librianty Nurfanida, Rozaliyani Anna, Taufik Feni Fitriani, Novirsa Randy
Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok.
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor .
J Public Health Res. 2021 Aug 4;10(4):2372. doi: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2372.
Indoor air pollution has globally known as the risk factor of acute respiratory infection in young children. The exposure to indoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at house or school can be a potential risk to children's health. This study aimed to examine the association between indoor PM2.5 and NO2 with oxidative stress markers in junior high school students.
This study was conducted using a cross sectional study with 75 students collected randomly from four junior high schools in Jakarta. PM2.5 and NO2 were measured in classrooms and school yards. The schools were categorized based on the exposure level of PM2.5 and NO2 in classrooms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined from the blood sample. All students were interviewed with questionnaires to determine upper respiratory tract infection, smoking family members, mosquito repellent usage, and dietary supplement consumption.
Mean concentration of indoor PM2.5 and NO2 were 0.125±0.036 mg m-3 and 36.37±22.33 µg m-3, respectively. The schools which located near to highway showed lower PM2.5 and higher NO2 level indicated the emission of traffic activity. Mean activity of SOD was 96.36±50.94 U mL-1 and mean concentration of GSH was of 0.62±0.09 µg mL-1. Most of the students reported upper respiratory tract infection history, smoking family member, use mosquito repellent at home, and do not consume dietary supplement.
The level of oxidative stress markers and the exposure categories of classroom PM2.5 and NO2 was not significantly different, however there were significant correlation with cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Nevertheless, the exposure of indoor PM2.5 and NO2 increased the risk of the exposure to cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Further study on the air pollution at school and home is needed to affirm association towards student's health and to design strategic control efforts.
室内空气污染已被公认为是全球幼儿急性呼吸道感染的风险因素。在家庭或学校接触室内细颗粒物2.5（PM2.5）和二氧化氮（NO2）可能对儿童健康构成潜在风险。本研究旨在探讨初中学生室内PM2.5和NO2与氧化应激标志物之间的关联。
本研究采用横断面研究，从雅加达的四所初中随机选取75名学生。在教室和校园内测量PM2.5和NO2。根据教室中PM2.5和NO2的暴露水平对学校进行分类。从血液样本中检测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）。所有学生均接受问卷调查，以确定上呼吸道感染情况、家庭成员吸烟情况、驱蚊剂使用情况和膳食补充剂消费情况。
室内PM2.5和NO2的平均浓度分别为0.125±0.036毫克/立方米和36.37±22.33微克/立方米。位于高速公路附近的学校PM2.5水平较低，NO2水平较高，表明存在交通活动排放。SOD的平均活性为96.36±50.94单位/毫升，GSH的平均浓度为0.62±0.09微克/毫升。大多数学生报告有上呼吸道感染史、家庭成员吸烟、在家使用驱蚊剂且不食用膳食补充剂。
氧化应激标志物水平与教室PM2.5和NO2的暴露类别无显著差异，但与家中香烟烟雾和驱蚊剂有显著相关性。然而，室内PM2.5和NO2的暴露增加了在家接触香烟烟雾和驱蚊剂的风险。需要进一步研究学校和家庭的空气污染情况，以确认其与学生健康的关联并设计战略控制措施。
