Hernandez Sonia M, Maurer John J, Yabsley Michael J, Peters Valerie E, Presotto Andrea, Murray Maureen H, Curry Shannon, Sanchez Susan, Gerner-Smidt Peter, Hise Kelley, Huang Joyce, Johnson Kasey, Kwan Tiffany, Lipp Erin K
Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jul 22;8:674973. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674973. eCollection 2021.
Reptile-associated human salmonellosis cases have increased recently in the United States. It is not uncommon to find healthy chelonians shedding . The rate and frequency of bacterial shedding are not fully understood, and most studies have focused on captive vs. free-living chelonians and often in relation to an outbreak. Their ecology and significance as sentinels are important to understanding transmission. In 2012-2013, prevalence was determined for free-living aquatic turtles in man-made ponds in Clarke and Oconee Counties, in northern Georgia (USA) and the correlation between species, basking ecology, demographics (age/sex), season, or landcover with prevalence was assessed. The genetic relatedness between turtle and archived, human isolates, as well as, other archived animal and water isolates reported from this study area was examined. was isolated from 45 of 194 turtles (23.2%, range 14-100%) across six species. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (36%) than adults (20%), higher in females (33%) than males (18%), and higher in bottom-dwelling species (31%; common and loggerhead musk turtles, common snapping turtles) than basking species (15%; sliders, painted turtles). prevalence decreased as forest cover, canopy cover, and distance from roads increased. Prevalence was also higher in low-density, residential areas that have 20-49% impervious surface. A total of 9 different serovars of two subspecies were isolated including 3 subsp. and 44 subsp. (two turtles had two serotypes isolated from each). Among the serovars, Montevideo ( = 13) and Rubislaw ( = 11) were predominant. serovars Muenchen, Newport, Mississippi, Inverness, Brazil, and Paratyphi B. var L(+) tartrate positive (Java) were also isolated. Importantly, 85% of the turtle isolates matched pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of human isolates, including those reported from Georgia. Collectively, these results suggest that turtles accumulate present in water bodies, and they may be effective sentinels of environmental contamination. Ultimately, the prevalence rates in wild aquatic turtles, especially those strains shared with humans, highlight a significant public health concern.
在美国，与爬行动物相关的人类沙门氏菌病病例最近有所增加。发现健康的龟类排菌并不罕见。细菌排菌的速率和频率尚未完全了解，大多数研究集中在圈养龟类与自由生活龟类之间，且通常与疫情爆发有关。它们作为哨兵的生态学意义对于理解传播至关重要。2012年至2013年，在美国佐治亚州北部克拉克县和奥科尼县的人工池塘中，对自由生活的水龟进行了患病率测定，并评估了物种、晒太阳生态、人口统计学特征（年龄/性别）、季节或土地覆盖与患病率之间的相关性。研究了龟类与存档的人类分离株以及该研究区域报告的其他存档动物和水分离株之间的遗传相关性。在194只龟中的45只（23.2%，范围为14%-100%）身上分离出了沙门氏菌，涉及六个物种。幼龟（36%）的患病率高于成年龟（20%），雌性龟（33%）高于雄性龟（18%），底栖物种（31%；普通麝香龟和蠵龟、拟鳄龟）的患病率高于晒太阳物种（15%；滑龟、锦龟）。随着森林覆盖率、树冠覆盖率和与道路距离的增加，沙门氏菌患病率下降。在不透水表面占20%-49%的低密度住宅区，患病率也较高。总共分离出了两个亚种的9种不同血清型，包括3种肠炎亚种和44种鼠伤寒亚种（两只龟各分离出两种血清型）。在这些血清型中，蒙得维的亚（n = 13）和鲁比斯劳（n = 11）占主导地位。还分离出了慕尼黑、纽波特、密西西比、因弗内斯、巴西和副伤寒B变种L(+)酒石酸盐阳性（爪哇）等血清型。重要的是，85%的龟类分离株与人类分离株的脉冲场凝胶电泳图谱相匹配，包括来自佐治亚州报告的那些。总体而言，这些结果表明龟类积累了水体中的沙门氏菌，它们可能是环境污染的有效哨兵。最终，野生水龟中的沙门氏菌患病率，尤其是那些与人类共有的菌株，凸显了一个重大的公共卫生问题。
