College of Medicine Touro University Nevada Henderson Nevada USA.
Biotechnology Centre and Centre for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany.
J Extracell Vesicles. 2021 Aug;10(10):e12132. doi: 10.1002/jev2.12132. Epub 2021 Aug 14.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of intercellular communication under both healthy and pathological conditions, including the induction of pro-metastatic traits, but it is not yet known how and where functional cargoes of EVs are delivered to their targets in host cell compartments. We have described that after endocytosis, EVs reach Rab7 late endosomes and a fraction of these enter the nucleoplasmic reticulum and transport EV biomaterials to the host cell nucleoplasm. Their entry therein and docking to outer nuclear membrane occur through a tripartite complex formed by the proteins VAP-A, ORP3 and Rab7 (VOR complex). Here, we report that the antifungal compound itraconazole (ICZ), but not its main metabolite hydroxy-ICZ or ketoconazole, disrupts the binding of Rab7 to ORP3-VAP-A complexes, leading to inhibition of EV-mediated pro-metastatic morphological changes including cell migration behaviour of colon cancer cells. With novel, smaller chemical drugs, inhibition of the VOR complex was maintained, although the ICZ moieties responsible for antifungal activity and interference with intracellular cholesterol distribution were removed. Knowing that cancer cells hijack their microenvironment and that EVs derived from them determine the pre-metastatic niche, small-sized inhibitors of nuclear transfer of EV cargo into host cells could find cancer therapeutic applications, particularly in combination with direct targeting of cancer cells.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是在健康和病理条件下细胞间通讯的介质,包括诱导促转移表型,但尚不清楚 EV 的功能 cargo 如何以及在何处被递送到宿主细胞区室中的靶标。我们已经描述了在细胞内吞作用后,EVs 到达 Rab7 晚期内体,其中一部分进入核质网,并将 EV 生物材料运输到宿主细胞核质。它们进入并与外核膜对接是通过由 VAP-A、ORP3 和 Rab7(VOR 复合物)组成的三部分复合物来实现的。在这里,我们报告抗真菌化合物伊曲康唑 (ICZ),但不是其主要代谢物羟基-ICZ 或酮康唑,会破坏 Rab7 与 ORP3-VAP-A 复合物的结合,导致抑制 EV 介导的促转移形态变化,包括结肠癌细胞的迁移行为。使用新型、更小的化学药物,尽管去除了负责抗真菌活性和干扰细胞内胆固醇分布的 ICZ 部分,但仍然可以维持 VOR 复合物的抑制作用。鉴于癌细胞会劫持其微环境,并且源自它们的 EV 决定了前转移生态位,因此将 EV 货物转移到宿主细胞中的核内的小尺寸抑制剂可能会找到癌症治疗应用,特别是与直接靶向癌细胞结合使用时。
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