Korteling J E Hans, Gerritsma Jasmin Y J, Toet Alexander
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Human Factors, Soesterberg, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2021 Aug 12;12:629354. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629354. eCollection 2021.
Cognitive biases can adversely affect human judgment and decision making and should therefore preferably be mitigated, so that we can achieve our goals as effectively as possible. Hence, numerous bias mitigation interventions have been developed and evaluated. However, to be effective in practical situations beyond laboratory conditions, the bias mitigation effects of these interventions should be retained over time and should transfer across contexts. This systematic review provides an overview of the literature on retention and transfer of bias mitigation interventions. A systematic search yielded 52 studies that were eligible for screening. At the end of the selection process, only 12 peer-reviewed studies remained that adequately studied retention over a period of at least 14 days (all 12 studies) or transfer to different tasks and contexts (one study). Eleven of the relevant studies investigated the effects of bias mitigation training using game- or video-based interventions. These 11 studies showed considerable overlap regarding the biases studied, kinds of interventions, and decision-making domains. Most of them indicated that gaming interventions were effective after the retention interval and that games were more effective than video interventions. The study that investigated transfer of bias mitigation training (next to retention) found indications of transfer across contexts. To be effective in practical circumstances, achieved effects of cognitive training should lead to enduring changes in the decision maker's behavior and should generalize toward other task domains or training contexts. Given the small number of overlapping studies, our main conclusion is that there is currently insufficient evidence that bias mitigation interventions will substantially help people to make better decisions in real life conditions. This is in line with recent theoretical insights about the "hard-wired" neural and evolutionary origin of cognitive biases.
认知偏差会对人类的判断和决策产生不利影响，因此最好加以缓解，以便我们能够尽可能有效地实现目标。因此，人们已经开发并评估了许多偏差缓解干预措施。然而，为了在实验室条件之外的实际情况中发挥作用，这些干预措施的偏差缓解效果应能随着时间的推移而保持，并应能在不同情境中迁移。本系统综述概述了关于偏差缓解干预措施的保持和迁移的文献。系统检索产生了52项符合筛选条件的研究。在筛选过程结束时，只剩下12项经过同行评审的研究，这些研究充分研究了至少14天的保持情况（所有12项研究）或向不同任务和情境的迁移情况（1项研究）。11项相关研究调查了使用基于游戏或视频的干预措施进行偏差缓解训练的效果。这11项研究在研究的偏差、干预措施类型和决策领域方面存在相当大的重叠。其中大多数表明，游戏干预在保持期后是有效的，并且游戏比视频干预更有效。研究偏差缓解训练迁移情况（除保持情况外）的研究发现了跨情境迁移的迹象。为了在实际情况下有效，认知训练所取得的效果应能导致决策者行为的持久改变，并应能推广到其他任务领域或训练情境。鉴于重叠研究数量较少，我们的主要结论是，目前没有足够的证据表明偏差缓解干预措施将在现实生活条件下实质性地帮助人们做出更好的决策。这与最近关于认知偏差的“硬连线”神经和进化起源的理论见解一致。
