Harvey Celia A, Pritts Alyssa A, Zwetsloot Marie J, Jansen Kees, Pulleman Mirjam M, Armbrecht Inge, Avelino Jacques, Barrera Juan F, Bunn Christian, García Javier Hoyos, Isaza Carlos, Munoz-Ucros Juana, Pérez-Alemán Carlos J, Rahn Eric, Robiglio Valentina, Somarriba Eduardo, Valencia Vivian
Monteverde Institute, Apdo.69-5655, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Agron Sustain Dev. 2021;41(5):62. doi: 10.1007/s13593-021-00712-0. Epub 2021 Aug 31.
In Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee () plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Here we review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways. These trends include (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee () into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the effects of different landscape trajectories on rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects of sustainable development. A better understanding of the drivers, patterns, and consequences of changes in coffee landscapes is vital for informing the design of policies, programs, and incentives for sustainable coffee production.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-021-00712-0.
在拉丁美洲，阿拉比卡咖啡（）的种植对农村生计、生物多样性保护和可持续发展起着关键作用。在过去20年里，该地区的咖啡农场和景观因咖啡价格低迷、气候条件变化、严重的植物病原体爆发以及其他驱动因素而经历了迅速而深刻的生物物理变化。尽管这些生物物理转变普遍存在并影响着数百万农村生计，但关于景观变化的类型、位置和程度及其社会经济和生态后果的信息却很有限。在此，我们回顾了咖啡种植区正在发生的生物物理变化的知识现状，探讨了这些变化可能产生的社会经济和生态影响，并突出了关键的研究空白。我们确定了七种主要的土地利用趋势，它们正以不同方式影响着拉丁美洲咖啡种植区的可持续性。这些趋势包括：（1）广泛转向抗病品种；（2）通过增加种植密度、更多使用农用化学品和减少遮荫来实现咖啡管理的传统集约化；（3）将咖啡地转为其他农业用地；（4）将罗布斯塔咖啡（）引入以前未种植咖啡的地区；（5）将咖啡种植扩展到森林地区；（6）咖啡景观的城市化；（7）在自愿性可持续标准下生产的咖啡面积增加。我们的综述强调了关于咖啡景观生物物理变化的驱动因素、模式和结果的信息不完整且分散，并制定了详细的研究议程，以填补这些研究空白，并阐明不同景观轨迹对农村生计、生物多样性保护和可持续发展其他方面的影响。更好地理解咖啡景观变化的驱动因素、模式和后果对于为可持续咖啡生产的政策、计划和激励措施的设计提供信息至关重要。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s13593-021-00712-0获取的补充材料。
