School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA.
Biomed Res Int. 2021 Aug 23;2021:1704947. doi: 10.1155/2021/1704947. eCollection 2021.
The bidirectional associations among children's motor skill competence (MSC), perceived competence (PC), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over time remain unanswered. This study is aimed at discerning the bidirectional relationships among elementary school children's MSC, PC, PA and, CRF over the course of one school year.
A total of 261 second and third grade children (127 boys, 134 girls; mean = 8.27 years; BMI = 18.22 ± 3.71) were recruited from two Texas elementary schools. Approximately 73.56% of participants were White American. Children's baseline data were assessed in September/October in 2012 (Time1), and identical assessments were conducted in April/May in 2013 (Time2). MSC was assessed using product-oriented skill tests (e.g., throw, kick, and jump). PC was assessed via the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence for Children. Minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers for five days, and CRF was assessed by the PACER test. Six age- and body mass index-adjusted cross-lagged panel models were used to test the relationships between the variables.
We observed that T1 MSC significantly predicted T2 MSC ( = 0.59; < 0.01), T2 CRF ( = 0.28; < 0.01), and T2 MVPA ( = 0.18; < 0.01). Children's CRF was a positive predictor for T2 CRF ( = 0.56; < 0.01) and T2 MSC ( = 0.13; < 0.05) Additionally, T1 MVPA significantly predicted T2 MVPA ( = 0.30; < 0.01) and T2 PC ( = -0.14; < 0.05).
Findings suggested a fully bidirectional relationship between elementary children's MSC and CRF. Other bidirectional relationships among the variables were only partially supported. Educators and health professionals need to emphasize the importance of developing both MSC and CRF to maintain physical health over time.
儿童运动技能能力（MSC）、感知能力（PC）、体育活动（PA）和心肺适能（CRF）之间的双向关联仍未得到解答。本研究旨在探讨小学生 MSC、PC、PA 和 CRF 在一学年内的双向关系。
共招募了来自德克萨斯州两所小学的 261 名二、三年级儿童（男 127 名，女 134 名；平均年龄=8.27 岁；BMI=18.22±3.71）。大约 73.56%的参与者为白种美国人。儿童的基线数据于 2012 年 9 月/10 月（时间 1）进行评估，2013 年 4 月/5 月（时间 2）进行相同的评估。MSC 使用面向产品的技能测试（例如，投掷、踢和跳跃）进行评估。PC 通过儿童感知能力的图片量表进行评估。使用 ActiGraph GT3X+加速度计在五天内评估中等至剧烈强度体育活动（MVPA）的分钟数，通过 PACER 测试评估 CRF。使用六个年龄和体重指数调整的交叉滞后面板模型来检验变量之间的关系。
我们发现，T1 MSC 显著预测了 T2 MSC（=0.59；<0.01）、T2 CRF（=0.28；<0.01）和 T2 MVPA（=0.18；<0.01）。儿童的 CRF 是 T2 CRF（=0.56；<0.01）和 T2 MSC（=0.13；<0.05）的正预测因子。此外，T1 MVPA 显著预测了 T2 MVPA（=0.30；<0.01）和 T2 PC（=-0.14；<0.05）。
研究结果表明，小学生 MSC 和 CRF 之间存在完全的双向关系。变量之间的其他双向关系仅得到部分支持。教育工作者和健康专业人员需要强调发展 MSC 和 CRF 的重要性，以保持长期的身体健康。
