Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte, Faculty of Sport Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
Arch Sex Behav. 2021 Oct;50(7):2799-2807. doi: 10.1007/s10508-021-02073-x. Epub 2021 Sep 7.
Recently, the so-called Semenya case has brought the problem of gender in sports competitions back into the spotlight. But the fact is that it is not a unique case; rather, it seems a recurrent and inconclusive problem in the history of sports. In this context, the Spanish athlete Martínez-Patiño is an important figure in the history of sport and gender verification, as well as the Indian sprinter Dutee Chand. Martínez-Patiño's story thus serves as an important case study of the gender-based anxieties that hampered women's advancement in track and field. Martínez-Patiño's experience in Spanish athletics demonstrates the difficulties women faced when attempting to compete in track and field, both in Spain and internationally. Moreover, her experience with gender policies shows the inadequacies of the chromosomal check as a sex marker, as well as the harms caused by the technique. Finally, Martínez-Patiño's protest of the International Association of Athletics Federations' policy started to dismantle compulsory sex verification used as a criterion for gender eligibility. The publicity surrounding her case pushed the track and field federation to abandon mandatory, on-site testing in 1992. Seven years later, the International Olympic Committee also dropped its compulsory control. Martínez-Patiño became the face of the fight against sex/gender verification in sport and helped dismantle the practice. The case of Martinez-Patiño remains in the collective memory of elite sports and serves as an argument for national and international sporting institutions to reconsider discriminating policies in the context of progress being made for women's rights.
最近，所谓的塞门娅案使体育竞赛中的性别问题再次成为焦点。但事实上，这并不是一个独特的案例；相反，这似乎是体育史上一个反复出现且尚无定论的问题。在这种情况下，西班牙运动员马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥是体育和性别验证史上的一个重要人物，也是印度短跑运动员杜蒂-钱德。因此，马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥的故事是一个重要的案例研究，研究了阻碍女性在田径运动中进步的基于性别的焦虑。马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥在西班牙田径运动中的经历表明，女性在试图参加田径比赛时面临着困难，无论是在西班牙还是在国际上。此外，她在性别政策方面的经历表明，染色体检查作为性别标志的不足，以及该技术造成的危害。最后，马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥对国际田径联合会政策的抗议开始拆除作为性别资格标准的强制性性别验证。她的案件引起了公众的关注，促使田径联合会于 1992 年放弃了强制性的现场测试。七年后，国际奥委会也取消了强制性的控制。马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥成为反对体育性别验证的代表人物，并帮助拆除了这一做法。马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥的案件仍然留在精英体育的集体记忆中，并为国家和国际体育机构提供了一个论据，要求它们在为妇女权利取得进展的背景下重新考虑歧视性政策。
