Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 3;18(17):9314. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18179314.
Greenspace is widely related to mental health benefits, but this relationship may vary by social group. Gentrification, as linked to processes of unequal urban development and conflict, potentially impacts health outcomes. This study explores the relationships between greenspace and mental health and between gentrification and mental health associations. It also further examines gentrification as an effect modifier in the greenspace-mental health association and SES as an effect modifier in the gentrification-mental health association. We used cross-sectional Barcelona (Spain) data from 2006, which included perceived mental health status and self-reported depression/anxiety from the Barcelona Health Survey. Greenspace exposure was measured as residential access to (1) all greenspace, (2) greenways and (3) parks in 2006. Census-tract level gentrification was measured using an index including changes in sociodemographic indicators between 1991 and 2006. Logistic regression models revealed that only greenways were associated with better mental health outcomes, with no significant relationship between mental health and parks or all greenspace. Living in gentrifying neighborhoods was protective for depression/anxiety compared to living in non-gentrifying neighborhoods. However, only residents of gentrifiable census tracts benefited from the exposure to greenways. SES was not found to be an effect modifier in the association between gentrification and mental health. Future research should tackle this study's limitations by incorporating a direct measure of displacement in the gentrification status indicator, accounting for qualitative aspects of greenspace and user's perceptions. Gentrification may undermine the health benefits provided by greenspace interventions.
绿地与心理健康益处广泛相关，但这种关系可能因社会群体而异。与不平等城市发展和冲突过程相关的 gentrification（高档化）可能会影响健康结果。本研究探讨了绿地与心理健康之间的关系，以及 gentrification（高档化）与心理健康之间的关系。它还进一步研究了 gentrification（高档化）作为绿地与心理健康关联的效应修饰剂，以及 SES（社会经济地位）作为 gentrification（高档化）与心理健康关联的效应修饰剂。我们使用了 2006 年巴塞罗那（西班牙）的横断面数据，其中包括巴塞罗那健康调查中的感知心理健康状况和自我报告的抑郁/焦虑。绿地暴露程度通过 2006 年的以下三种方式来衡量：（1）所有绿地、（2）绿色走廊和（3）公园的住宅可达性。使用包括 1991 年至 2006 年社会人口指标变化的指数来衡量社区层面的 gentrification（高档化）。逻辑回归模型显示，只有绿色走廊与更好的心理健康结果相关，而心理健康与公园或所有绿地之间没有显著关系。与居住在非 gentrifying（非高档化）社区相比，居住在 gentrifying（高档化）社区的居民患抑郁/焦虑的风险较低。然而，只有 gentrifiable（可高档化）普查区的居民从接触绿色走廊中受益。SES（社会经济地位）未被发现是 gentrification（高档化）与心理健康之间关联的效应修饰剂。未来的研究应该通过在 gentrification（高档化）状态指标中纳入流离失所的直接衡量标准，考虑绿地的定性方面和使用者的看法，来解决本研究的局限性。高档化可能会破坏绿地干预措施带来的健康益处。
