Herb Marc, Gluschko Alexander, Schramm Michael
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Sep 7;9:716406. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716406. eCollection 2021.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, have been established over decades of research as, on the one hand, important and versatile molecules involved in a plethora of homeostatic processes and, on the other hand, as inducers of damage, pathologies and diseases. Which effects ROS induce, strongly depends on the cell type and the source, amount, duration and location of ROS production. Similar to cellular pH and calcium levels, which are both strictly regulated and only altered by the cell when necessary, the redox balance of the cell is also tightly regulated, not only on the level of the whole cell but in every cellular compartment. However, a still widespread view present in the scientific community is that the location of ROS production is of no major importance and that ROS randomly diffuse from their cellular source of production throughout the whole cell and hit their redox-sensitive targets when passing by. Yet, evidence is growing that cells regulate ROS production and therefore their redox balance by strictly controlling ROS source activation as well as localization, amount and duration of ROS production. Hopefully, future studies in the field of redox biology will consider these factors and analyze cellular ROS more specifically in order to revise the view of ROS as freely flowing through the cell.
几十年来的研究表明，活性氧（ROS），如超氧阴离子或过氧化氢，一方面是参与众多稳态过程的重要且多功能的分子，另一方面是损伤、病理和疾病的诱导因素。ROS诱导何种效应，很大程度上取决于细胞类型以及ROS产生的来源、数量、持续时间和位置。与细胞pH值和钙水平一样，二者都受到严格调控，且仅在必要时由细胞改变，细胞的氧化还原平衡也受到严格调控，不仅在整个细胞水平，而且在每个细胞区室中。然而，科学界仍普遍存在一种观点，即ROS产生的位置并不重要，ROS从其细胞产生源随机扩散到整个细胞，并在经过时击中其氧化还原敏感靶点。然而，越来越多的证据表明，细胞通过严格控制ROS源激活以及ROS产生的定位、数量和持续时间来调节ROS产生，从而调节其氧化还原平衡。希望氧化还原生物学领域的未来研究将考虑这些因素，并更具体地分析细胞ROS，以便修正ROS在细胞中自由流动的观点。
