Dammak Azza, Huete-Toral Fernando, Carpena-Torres Carlos, Martin-Gil Alba, Pastrana Cristina, Carracedo Gonzalo
Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
Department of Optometry and Vsiion, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
Pharmaceutics. 2021 Aug 31;13(9):1376. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091376.
Most irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of the eye, making their physiopathology both complex and interconnected. In addition to the age factor, these diseases share the same mechanism disorder based essentially on oxidative stress. In this context, the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly by mitochondria and their elimination by protective mechanisms leads to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation share a close pathophysiological process, appearing simultaneously and suggesting a relationship between both mechanisms. The biochemical end point of these two biological alarming systems is the release of different biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress, initiating in the vulnerable tissue of the posterior segment, is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation, which are involved in each disease progression. In this review, we have analyzed (1) the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the back of the eye, (2) the importance of biomarkers, detected in systemic or ocular fluids, for the diagnosis of eye diseases based on recent studies, and (3) the treatment of posterior ocular diseases, based on long-term clinical studies.
大多数与青光眼及视网膜相关眼病（包括年龄相关性黄斑变性和糖尿病性视网膜病变）相关的不可逆性失明都起源于眼球后段，这使得它们的病理生理学既复杂又相互关联。除年龄因素外，这些疾病都存在基于氧化应激的相同机制紊乱。在这种情况下，主要由线粒体产生的活性氧（ROS）与通过保护机制对其清除之间的失衡会导致慢性炎症。氧化应激和炎症有着密切的病理生理过程，同时出现并提示两种机制之间存在关联。这两个生物警报系统的生化终点是可用于诊断的不同生物标志物的释放。此外，始于后段脆弱组织的氧化应激与线粒体功能障碍、细胞凋亡、自噬功能障碍以及炎症密切相关，这些都参与了每种疾病的进展。在本综述中，我们分析了：（1）眼球后部的氧化应激和炎症过程；（2）基于近期研究，在全身或眼内液中检测到的生物标志物对于眼病诊断的重要性；（3）基于长期临床研究的后部眼病治疗方法。
