Del Frari Giovanni, Oliveira Helena, Boavida Ferreira Ricardo
LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Sep 17;7(9):770. doi: 10.3390/jof7090770.
Esca is a major grapevine trunk disease that heavily affects vineyards in the Northern hemisphere. The etiology and epidemiology of this disease have been subject of dispute ever since the earliest disease reports. The reason behind such debate is the presence of multiple internal and external symptoms, as well as several putative and confirmed wood pathogens. While the role of pathogenic fungi, as causal agents of wood symptoms, has been thoroughly assessed, their role in the expression of leaf symptoms remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we analyzed etiological and epidemiological data, with a special focus on the microbiological aspect of esca and the involvement of (Basidiomycota). Vineyard studies have associated leaf symptoms with the presence of white rot, most frequently caused by (), while tracheomycotic fungi are commonly found, with similar abundance, in symptomatic and asymptomatic vines. Pathogenicity trials have excluded a direct effect of species in triggering leaf symptoms, while the data concerning the role of tracheomycotic fungi remains controversial. Recent microbiome studies confirmed that is more abundant in leaf-symptomatic vines, and treatments that effectively control leaf symptoms, such as sodium arsenite spray and trunk surgery, act directly on the abundance of or on the presence of white rot. This suggest that the simultaneous presence of and tracheomycotic fungi is a pre-requisite for leaf symptoms; however, the relation among fungal pathogens, grapevine and other biotic and abiotic factors needs further investigation.
葡萄皮尔斯病是一种主要的葡萄树干病害，严重影响北半球的葡萄园。自最早的病害报告以来，这种病害的病因和流行病学一直存在争议。这种争论背后的原因是存在多种内部和外部症状，以及几种假定的和已证实的木材病原体。虽然致病真菌作为木材症状的病原体的作用已得到充分评估，但其在叶片症状表现中的作用仍有待充分阐明。在本综述中，我们分析了病因和流行病学数据，特别关注葡萄皮尔斯病的微生物学方面以及担子菌门的参与情况。葡萄园研究将叶片症状与白腐病的存在联系起来，白腐病最常见的病因是葡萄座腔菌属，而在有症状和无症状的葡萄藤中，导管真菌的数量通常相似。致病性试验排除了葡萄座腔菌属物种在引发叶片症状方面的直接作用，而关于导管真菌作用的数据仍存在争议。最近的微生物组研究证实，在有叶片症状的葡萄藤中，葡萄座腔菌属更为丰富，而有效控制叶片症状的处理方法，如亚砷酸钠喷雾和树干手术，直接作用于葡萄座腔菌属的数量或白腐病的存在。这表明葡萄座腔菌属和导管真菌的同时存在是叶片症状出现的先决条件；然而，真菌病原体、葡萄藤与其他生物和非生物因素之间的关系仍需进一步研究。
