Leal Diogo V, Standing Ariane S I, Furmanski Anna L, Hough John
Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire, MK41 9EA, UK.
Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, 4475-690, Portugal.
Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021 Mar 6;13:100234. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100234. eCollection 2021 May.
Excessive exercise with limited recovery may lead to detrimental states of overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. Chronic maladaptation in endocrine and immune mechanisms occur with the incidence of these states. Exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses have been proposed as biomarkers of overreaching, with blunted responses following intensified-training periods. Yet, limited information on the effects of overreaching in immunity is available. Healthy individuals completed a 30-min running protocol (the RPE) before and after a 12-day intensified-training period. Blood and saliva were collected before, after and 30min after RPE at pre-training and post-training. Plasma and salivary cortisol and testosterone, leucocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic activity were examined. Plasma and salivary cortisol were acutely unaffected pre-training (-14% and 0%, > 0.05) and post-training (-14% and +46%, > 0.05). Comparing pre-training with post-training, blunted responses were observed in plasma testosterone (43%-19%, < 0.05) and salivary testosterone (55%-24%, > 0.05). No acute or resting changes in total leucocyte counts or most leucocyte subsets occurred pre-training or post-training. Yet, a 194% acute elevation in γδ T-lymphocyte number occurred pre-training ( < 0.05), and average resting concentrations were 174% higher post-training. Baseline phagocytic activity was 47% lower post-training ( < 0.05). Intensified training was detrimental, significantly reducing phagocytic activity. Testosterone blunted post-training, indicating an excessive training-related hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal dysfunction. The γδ T-lymphocytes sensitivity to exercise was noted, rendering it as a potential stress-responsive cellular marker. The usefulness of the RPE to track the onset of overreaching is proposed.
过度运动且恢复有限可能会导致过度训练或过度训练综合征等有害状态。这些状态的发生伴随着内分泌和免疫机制的慢性适应不良。运动诱导的皮质醇和睾酮反应已被提议作为过度训练的生物标志物，在强化训练期后反应减弱。然而，关于过度训练对免疫影响的信息有限。健康个体在为期12天的强化训练期前后完成了一项30分钟的跑步方案（主观用力程度分级）。在训练前和训练后，于主观用力程度分级前、后及30分钟后采集血液和唾液。检测血浆和唾液中的皮质醇和睾酮、白细胞增殖以及多形核白细胞吞噬活性。训练前血浆和唾液皮质醇未受急性影响（分别为-14%和0%，P>0.05），训练后也未受影响（分别为-14%和+46%，P>0.05）。将训练前与训练后进行比较，血浆睾酮（43%-19%，P<0.05）和唾液睾酮（55%-24%，P>0.05）出现反应减弱。训练前或训练后，总白细胞计数或大多数白细胞亚群未出现急性或静息变化。然而，训练前γδT淋巴细胞数量急性升高194%（P<0.05），训练后平均静息浓度高出174%。训练后基线吞噬活性降低47%（P<0.05）。强化训练有害，显著降低了吞噬活性。训练后睾酮反应减弱，表明存在与过度训练相关的下丘脑-垂体-性腺功能障碍。γδT淋巴细胞对运动的敏感性被注意到，使其成为一种潜在的应激反应细胞标志物。提出了主观用力程度分级对追踪过度训练发作的有用性。
