Damiri Basma, Khatib Omar, Nazzal Zaher, Sanduka Diala, Igbaria Siwar, Thabaleh Ammar, Farhoud Ahmad, Saudi Lubna, Belkebir Souad, Al Ali Rayyan, Alili Mohammed, Hamdan Mahmoud, Safarini Omar A, Younis Omar
Medicine & Health Science Faculty, Drug, and Toxicology Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine.
Medicine & Health Science Faculty, Department of Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine.
Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021 Sep 29;14:4121-4133. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S329675. eCollection 2021.
Due to their stressful lives, Palestinian refugees are prone to use cognitive enhancers (CE) and psychostimulant substances (PS). Recognising health problems associated with CE/PS use can indicate how preventive programs should be directed towards adolescents. Unfortunately, research has not thoroughly investigated the health problems related to tobacco and caffeine products, the most socially acceptable CE/PS among Palestinian refugee adolescents.
In 2021, schoolchildren from five Palestinian refugee camps (N=271) aged 12-<16 years agreed to give blood samples and to be interviewed to address the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and tobacco smoking, coffee, energy drinks (ED), black tea, and chocolate consumption. MetS was diagnosed based on International Diabetic Federation Criteria. To address the association, we used binary logistic regression models adjusted to age, gender, BMI, and central obesity.
The prevalence of MetS was [17 (6.3%)]; (7.4%) in males, (5.1%) in females. The prevalence of substance use was as follows: ED [163 (48.9%)], coffee [255 (76.6%)], black tea [295 (89.1%)], cigarette [35 (10.5%)], waterpipe [59 (17.7%)], and chocolate [309 (93.6%)], with male predominance. Cigarette smokers have increased central obesity (p-value=0.024), and decreased HDL-cholesterol (p-value=0.015) than non-smokers. Similar results were observed for waterpipe smokers besides the increased levels of triglycerides (p-value=0.01). ED consumers have increased central obesity (p-value=0.03) and fast blood sugar (p-value=0.003) than non-consumers. Chocolate consumers have decreased central obesity (p-value=0.008) and increased HDL levels (p-value=0.04) than non-consumers. ED consumers were significantly at higher risk of MetS (OR=9.97, p-value=0.019) than non-consumers and chocolate consumers were at lower risk of MetS (OR=0.14, p-value=0.046) than non-consumers. Waterpipe smokers were at a higher risk of having increased plasma triglycerides than non-consumers (OR=3.4, p-value=0.03).
The high prevalence of ED consumption and waterpipe smoking in Palestinian refugee adolescents is problematic. Their use was associated with higher odds of MetS, dyslipidemia, and central obesity, which justifies greater attention.
由于生活压力大，巴勒斯坦难民容易使用认知增强剂（CE）和精神刺激物质（PS）。认识到与使用CE/PS相关的健康问题可以表明预防计划应如何针对青少年。不幸的是，研究尚未彻底调查与烟草和咖啡因产品相关的健康问题，而这两种产品是巴勒斯坦难民青少年中社会接受度最高的CE/PS。
2021年，来自五个巴勒斯坦难民营的12至16岁学童（N = 271）同意提供血样并接受访谈，以探讨代谢综合征（MetS）与吸烟、咖啡、能量饮料（ED）、红茶和巧克力消费之间的关联。根据国际糖尿病联盟标准诊断MetS。为了探讨这种关联，我们使用了根据年龄、性别、体重指数（BMI）和中心性肥胖进行调整的二元逻辑回归模型。
MetS的患病率为[17（6.3%）]；男性为（7.4%），女性为（5.1%）。物质使用的患病率如下：ED [163（48.9%）]、咖啡[255（76.6%）]、红茶[295（89.1%）]、香烟[35（10.5%）]、水烟[59（17.7%）]和巧克力[309（93.6%）]，男性占主导。吸烟者的中心性肥胖增加（p值 = 0.024），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低（p值 = 0.015），高于非吸烟者。水烟吸烟者除甘油三酯水平升高（p值 = 0.01）外，也观察到类似结果。与非消费者相比，饮用ED者的中心性肥胖增加（p值 = 0.03），空腹血糖升高（P值 = 0.003）。与非消费者相比，食用巧克力者的中心性肥胖降低（p值 = 0.008），高密度脂蛋白水平升高（p值 = 0.04）。与非消费者相比，饮用ED者患MetS的风险显著更高（比值比[OR] = 9.97，p值 = 0.019），而食用巧克力者患MetS的风险低于非消费者（OR = 0.14，p值 = 0.046）。与非消费者相比，水烟吸烟者血浆甘油三酯升高的风险更高（OR = 3.4，p值 = 0.03）。
巴勒斯坦难民青少年中ED消费和水烟吸烟的高患病率存在问题。它们的使用与患MetS、血脂异常和中心性肥胖的较高几率相关，这证明需要更多关注。
