Szymski Dominik, Opitz Sabine, Pfeifer Christian, Rupp Markus, Angele Peter, Alt Volker, Krutsch Werner, Krutsch Volker
Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Department of General Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022 Feb;32(2):391-401. doi: 10.1111/sms.14083. Epub 2021 Nov 2.
Football referees need other physiological requirements on field than football players and are affected by different types of injury. The absence of referees may result in canceled matches, so special focus should be placed on injury prevention through specific training programs for referees. This study retrospectively analyzed injury occurrence and prevention strategies for German football referees at the different levels of play over one season. Data were collected by means of seasonal injury reports based on the consensus statement of injury definition and data collection. Of the 923 participating referees, 91 (9.9%) played at the professional level, 151 (16.3%) at the semi-professional, and 681 (73.8%) at the amateur level. 86.2% (n = 796) were men and 13.8% (n = 127) women. Referees at the amateur level showed the highest injury incidence (3.14/1000 h football) compared to referees at the semi-professional (1.92/1000 h; p < 0.001) and professional level (1.01/1000 h; p < 0.001). Most referees at the amateur (n = 372; 56.4%) and semi-professional level (n = 46; 31.3%) conducted warm-up programs of <10 min, whereas the mean warm-up duration of professional referees was >11 min (n = 75; 82.4%). Although running and stretching exercises were common among referees during warm-up, preventive exercises focusing on coordination and trunk muscles were less frequent, especially among amateur referees (jumping: 15.9%; strengthening: 9.7%; balance exercises: 7.9%). Injury incidence was highest at lower amateur levels, which thus has specific need for injury prevention. Appropriate training exercises to prevent injuries of referees were weak at all levels of play, especially the lack of strength, plyometric, and balance exercises in training and warm-up programs.
与足球运动员相比，足球裁判在场上有其他生理需求，且受不同类型伤病的影响。裁判缺席可能导致比赛取消，因此应通过针对裁判的特定训练计划，特别关注伤病预防。本研究回顾性分析了一个赛季中不同比赛水平的德国足球裁判的伤病发生情况及预防策略。数据通过基于伤病定义和数据收集共识声明的赛季伤病报告收集。在923名参与的裁判中，91名（9.9%）为职业水平，151名（16.3%）为半职业水平，681名（73.8%）为业余水平。86.2%（n = 796）为男性，13.8%（n = 127）为女性。与半职业裁判（1.92/1000小时；p < 0.001）和职业裁判（1.01/1000小时；p < 0.001）相比，业余水平的裁判伤病发生率最高（3.14/1000小时足球比赛）。大多数业余（n = 372；56.4%）和半职业水平（n = 46；31.3%）的裁判进行的热身计划时长不足10分钟，而职业裁判的平均热身时长超过11分钟（n = 75；82.4%）。尽管在热身过程中跑步和伸展运动在裁判中很常见，但专注于协调性和躯干肌肉的预防性运动较少，尤其是在业余裁判中（跳跃：15.9%；强化：9.7%；平衡练习：7.9%）。伤病发生率在较低的业余水平最高，因此特别需要预防伤病。在各级比赛中，预防裁判伤病的适当训练运动都很薄弱，尤其是在训练和热身计划中缺乏力量、增强式和平衡练习。
