Deptartment of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (Sgpgims), Lucknow, India.
Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology (Nit), Rourkela India.
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2021 Dec;21(12):1323-1331. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2021.2000395. Epub 2021 Nov 25.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder initiating in the first three years of life. Early initiation of management therapies can significantly improve the health and quality of life of ASD subjects. Thus, indicating the need for suitable biomarkers for the early identification of ASD. Various biological domains were investigated in the quest for reliable biomarkers. However, most biomarkers are in the preliminary stage, and clinical validation is yet to be defined. Exosome based research gained momentum in various Central Nervous System disorders for biomarker identification. However, the utility and prospect of exosomes in ASD is still underexplored.
In the present review, we summarized the biomarker discovery current status and the future of brain-specific exosomes in understanding pathophysiology and its potential as a biomarker. The studies reviewed herein were identified via systematic search (dated: June 2021) of PubMed using variations related to autism (ASD OR autism OR Autism spectrum disorder) AND exosomes AND/OR biomarkers.
As exosomess are highly relevant in brain disorders like ASD, direct access to brain tissue for molecular assessment is ethically impossible. Thus investigating the brain-derived exosomes would undoubtedly answer many unsolved aspects of the pathogenesis and provide reliable biomarkers.
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种始于生命前三年的神经发育障碍。早期开始管理治疗可以显著改善 ASD 患者的健康和生活质量。因此，需要寻找合适的生物标志物来早期识别 ASD。人们在探索可靠的生物标志物时，研究了各种生物学领域。然而，大多数生物标志物仍处于初步阶段，临床验证尚未确定。外泌体研究在各种中枢神经系统疾病的生物标志物识别中取得了进展。然而，外泌体在 ASD 中的应用和前景仍未得到充分探索。
在本综述中，我们总结了生物标志物发现的现状和脑特异性外泌体在理解病理生理学及其作为生物标志物的潜在用途。本文综述中使用了与自闭症（ASD 或自闭症或自闭症谱系障碍）和外泌体和/或生物标志物相关的变化，通过系统搜索（日期：2021 年 6 月）PubMed 来确定研究。
由于外泌体在 ASD 等脑部疾病中非常相关，因此直接获取脑组织进行分子评估在伦理上是不可能的。因此，研究脑源性外泌体无疑将回答发病机制中许多尚未解决的方面，并提供可靠的生物标志物。
