Quintigliano Maria, Trentini Cristina, Fortunato Alexandro, Lauriola Marco, Speranza Anna Maria
Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Front Psychol. 2021 Oct 20;12:730086. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730086. eCollection 2021.
By employing the transactional model of development and focusing on the multifactorial nature of parenting, this study aimed to (1) examine whether important risk factors, particularly mothers' insecure attachment styles and parenting stress contribute to the perception of their infants' characteristics and (2) explore whether maternal attachment styles moderate the relationship between parenting stress and perceived infants' characteristics. We recruited 357 mothers (age: 34.23; ± 5.38) who had 1-year-old infants (161 males and 196 females; age: 12.70; ± 1.60 months). All the mothers completed three self-report instruments: Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and 1st-Year Inventory (FYI). Although the latter was originally developed to determine the risk for autism in 1-year-olds, it was employed in this study to measure infant's characteristics within two domains: social communication and sensory regulatory functions. Multiple regression analyses revealed that one of the PSI-SF dimensions - specifically the Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction - contributed to mothers' perceptions of their children's social communication abilities, whereas the attachment style did not. Other multiple regression analyses showed that all the dimensions of parenting stress - that is, Parenting Distress (PD), Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (PCDI), and Difficult Child (DC) - contributed to mothers' perceptions of their sensory regulatory abilities. The attachment styles, particularly anxious attachment, contributed significantly to a biased perception of these abilities controlled for parenting stress. Mothers reporting high levels of avoidance and high levels of PD viewed their children as less able in the social communicative domain (SC Dom) than if they had low levels of PD. By contrast, when levels of avoidance were low, mothers with high PD perceived their children as less difficult in the SC Dom than those with low levels of PD. Moreover, high avoidance levels influenced how mothers who considered the interaction with their children as difficult perceived them as having greater difficulties in relation to sensory regulatory domain (SR Dom). By contrast, mothers with high levels of anxiety high levels of PD view their children as less able in the SC Dom than if they had low levels of PD. When mothers' levels of anxiety were very low, those with high PD viewed their children as less difficult in the SC Dom in comparison to those with low levels of PD.
通过采用发展的交互模型并关注养育子女的多因素性质，本研究旨在：（1）检验重要风险因素，特别是母亲不安全的依恋风格和养育压力是否会影响她们对婴儿特征的认知；（2）探讨母亲的依恋风格是否会调节养育压力与感知到的婴儿特征之间的关系。我们招募了357名有1岁婴儿的母亲（年龄：34.23；±5.38）（161名男性和196名女性；年龄：12.70；±1.60个月）。所有母亲都完成了三份自我报告工具：养育压力指数简表（PSI-SF）、依恋风格问卷（ASQ）和一岁儿童量表（FYI）。尽管后者最初是为了确定1岁儿童患自闭症的风险而开发的，但在本研究中用于测量婴儿在两个领域的特征：社会沟通和感觉调节功能。多元回归分析显示，PSI-SF的一个维度——特别是亲子功能失调互动——影响了母亲对孩子社会沟通能力的认知，而依恋风格则没有。其他多元回归分析表明，养育压力的所有维度——即养育困扰（PD）、亲子功能失调互动（PCDI）和难养儿童（DC）——都影响了母亲对孩子感觉调节能力的认知。依恋风格，特别是焦虑依恋，在控制了养育压力后，对这些能力的偏差认知有显著影响。报告高回避水平和高PD水平的母亲认为她们的孩子在社会沟通领域（SC Dom）的能力低于低PD水平的母亲。相比之下，当回避水平较低时，高PD水平的母亲认为她们的孩子在SC Dom中比低PD水平的母亲更不难养。此外，高回避水平影响了那些认为与孩子互动困难的母亲如何看待他们在感觉调节领域（SR Dom）有更大困难。相比之下，高焦虑水平和高PD水平的母亲认为她们的孩子在SC Dom中的能力低于低PD水平的母亲。当母亲的焦虑水平非常低时，高PD水平的母亲认为她们的孩子在SC Dom中比低PD水平的母亲更不难养。
