Effective contamination control strategies facilitating axenic cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis: Risks and challenges.

With industrialization, anthropogenic mishandlings have resulted in the discharge of abundant amount of CO into the atmosphere. This has triggered an unnatural warming that has dramatically increased the Earth's temperature in a short duration. This problem can be addressed by the biological conversion of CO; several studies have been conducted using H. pluvialis culture that produces high value-added materials, such as astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids. However, although H. pluvialis has a high market value, the market size is quite small. Because H. pluvialis cells are susceptible to contamination due to its slow growth rate, hence large-scale culture of H. pluvialis without reliable contamination control strategies poses significant risks. This review comprehensively discusses the contamination that occurs during the culturing of H. pluvialis in various culture systems under different culture conditions. The review also discusses the strategies in controlling the biotic contaminants, such as bacteria and fungi.