Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
Department of Nursing, Seisen Jogakuin College, Nagano 380-0921, Japan.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 21;18(21):11056. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111056.
In Myanmar, the escalating prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance among adults was recently reported, with the highest prevalence in the Yangon Region. The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors in dietary habits and their relationship with T2DM in urban Myanmar residents. We conducted a case-control study recruiting 300 individuals aged 25-74 years living in the Yangon Region, consisting of 150 newly diagnosed cases attending a diabetes clinic, and 150 controls, who were community residents and free of diabetes. The case group had a significantly higher consumption of noodles, fish, beans, fermented food and pickles, dried food, topping seasonings, and non-dairy milk products than the control group, whereas they had a lower vegetable intake (more than three servings/day) and fruit intake (more than three servings/day) than the control group. Furthermore, the case group exhibited a higher frequency of some dietary behaviors than the control group, such as (1) having meals with family, (2) skipping breakfast, and (3) eating out. The final model showed that topping seasonings (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 11.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.08-40.90), more than three servings/day of vegetable intake (aOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.67), and having meals with family (aOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.05-4.71) were associated with diabetes. The study suggests that Myanmar's characteristic dietary culture of topping their meals with salty seasonings and sauces and eating multiple dishes together as a family are risk factors associated with T2DM. Our findings may contribute recommendations and opportunities for the primary prevention of T2DM in urban Myanmar.
在缅甸，成年人中 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）和葡萄糖耐量受损的患病率不断上升，其中仰光地区的患病率最高。本研究旨在确定饮食习惯中的危险因素及其与缅甸城市居民 T2DM 的关系。我们进行了一项病例对照研究，共招募了 300 名年龄在 25-74 岁之间居住在仰光地区的居民，其中包括 150 名在糖尿病诊所就诊的新诊断病例和 150 名社区居民且无糖尿病的对照者。病例组的面条、鱼、豆类、发酵食品和泡菜、干货、调味料和非乳制品的摄入量明显高于对照组，而蔬菜（每天三份以上）和水果（每天三份以上）的摄入量则低于对照组。此外，病例组比对照组表现出更高频率的某些饮食行为，例如（1）与家人一起用餐，（2）不吃早餐，（3）外出就餐。最终模型显示，调味料（调整后的优势比（aOR）11.23，95%置信区间（CI）3.08-40.90）、每天三份以上蔬菜摄入量（aOR 0.18，95%CI 0.05-0.67）和与家人一起用餐（aOR 2.23，95%CI 1.05-4.71）与糖尿病相关。该研究表明，缅甸的饮食文化特征是在食物上添加咸调味料和酱汁，并一家人一起吃多道菜，这些都是与 T2DM 相关的危险因素。我们的研究结果可能为在缅甸城市进行 T2DM 的一级预防提供建议和机会。
