Ahmad Hafiz Ibtesam, Nadeem Muhammad Faisal, Shoaib Khan Haji Muhammad, Sarfraz Muhammad, Saleem Hammad, Khurshid Umair, Locatelli Marcello, Ashraf Muhammad, Akhtar Naveed, Zainal Abidin Syafiq Asnawi, Alghamdi Adel
Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 27;12:708618. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708618. eCollection 2021.
L. is a medicinal herb having widespread traditional uses for treating common ailments. The present research work aims to explore the in-depth phytochemical composition and reactivity of six different polarity solvents (methanol, -hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and -butanol) extracts/fractions of flowers. The phytochemical composition was accomplished by determining total bioactive contents, HPLC-PDA polyphenolic quantification, and UHPLC-MS secondary metabolomics. The reactivity of the phenolic compounds was tested through the following biochemical assays: antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation) and enzyme inhibition (AChE, BChE, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, urease, and tyrosinase) assays were performed. The methanol extract showed the highest values for phenolic (94.07 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (78.7 mg QE/g extract) contents and was also the most active for α-glucosidase inhibition as well as radical scavenging and reducing power potential. HPLC-PDA analysis quantified rutin, naringenin, chlorogenic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, and epicatechin in a significant amount. UHPLC-MS analysis of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts revealed the presence of well-known phytocompounds; most of these were phenolic, flavonoid, and glycoside derivatives. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest inhibition against tyrosinase and urease, while the -hexane fraction was most active for α-amylase. Moreover, principal component analysis highlighted the positive correlation between bioactive compounds and the tested extracts. Overall, flower extracts were found to contain important phytochemicals, hence could be further explored to discover novel bioactive compounds that could be a valid starting point for future pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals applications.
L. 是一种具有广泛传统用途的药用植物，可用于治疗常见疾病。本研究旨在深入探究六种不同极性溶剂（甲醇、正己烷、苯、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇）提取的花提取物/馏分的植物化学成分和反应活性。通过测定总生物活性成分、HPLC - PDA多酚定量和UHPLC - MS次生代谢组学来完成植物化学成分分析。通过以下生化测定来测试酚类化合物的反应活性：进行抗氧化（DPPH、ABTS、FRAP、CUPRAC、磷钼酸和金属螯合）和酶抑制（乙酰胆碱酯酶、丁酰胆碱酯酶、α - 葡萄糖苷酶、α - 淀粉酶、脲酶和酪氨酸酶）测定。甲醇提取物的酚类（94.07 mg GAE/g提取物）和黄酮类（78.7 mg QE/g提取物）含量最高，并且对α - 葡萄糖苷酶抑制以及自由基清除和还原能力也最具活性。HPLC - PDA分析定量了大量的芦丁、柚皮苷、绿原酸、3 - 羟基苯甲酸、没食子酸和表儿茶素。甲醇和乙酸乙酯提取物的UHPLC - MS分析揭示了已知植物化合物的存在；其中大多数是酚类、黄酮类和糖苷衍生物。乙酸乙酯馏分对酪氨酸酶和脲酶的抑制作用最强，而正己烷馏分对α - 淀粉酶最具活性。此外，主成分分析突出了生物活性化合物与测试提取物之间的正相关。总体而言，发现花提取物含有重要的植物化学物质，因此可以进一步探索以发现新型生物活性化合物，这些化合物可能是未来制药和营养保健品应用的有效起点。
