Castellanos-Rubio Idoia, Arriortua Oihane, Iglesias-Rojas Daniela, Barón Ander, Rodrigo Irati, Marcano Lourdes, Garitaonandia José S, Orue Iñaki, Fdez-Gubieda M Luisa, Insausti Maite
Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
Dpto. Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
Chem Mater. 2021 Nov 23;33(22):8693-8704. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02654. Epub 2021 Nov 10.
Among iron oxide phases, magnetite (FeO) is often the preferred one for nanotechnological and biomedical applications because of its high saturation magnetization and low toxicity. Although there are several synthetic routes that attempt to reach magnetite nanoparticles (NPs), they are usually referred as "IONPs" (iron oxide NPs) due to the great difficulty in obtaining the monophasic and stoichiometric FeO phase. Added to this problem is the common increase of size/shape polydispersity when larger NPs ( > 20 nm) are synthesized. An unequivocal correlation between a nanomaterial and its properties can only be achieved by the production of highly homogeneous systems, which, in turn, is only possible by the continuous improvement of synthesis methods. There is no doubt that solving the compositional heterogeneity of IONPs while keeping them monodisperse remains a challenge for synthetic chemistry. Herein, we present a methodical optimization of the iron oleate decomposition method to obtain FeO single nanocrystals without any trace of secondary phases and with no need of postsynthetic treatment. The average dimension of the NPs, ranging from 20 to 40 nm, has been tailored by adjusting the total volume and the boiling point of the reaction mixture. Mössbauer spectroscopy and DC magnetometry have revealed that the NPs present a perfectly stoichiometric FeO phase. The high saturation magnetization (93 (2) A·m/kg at RT) and the extremely sharp Verwey transition (at around 120 K) shown by these NPs have no precedent. Moreover, the synthesis method has been refined to obtain NPs with octahedral morphology and suitable magnetic anisotropy, which significantly improves the magnetic hyperthemia performance. The heating power of properly PEGylated nano-octahedrons has been investigated by AC magnetometry, confirming that the NPs present negligible dipolar interactions, which leads to an outstanding magnetothermal efficiency that does not change when the NPs are dispersed in environments with high viscosity and ionic strength. Additionally, the heat production of the NPs within physiological media has been directly measured by calorimetry under clinically safe conditions, reasserting the excellent adequacy of the system for hyperthermia therapies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such bulklike magnetite NPs (with minimal size/shape polydispersity, minor agglomeration, and exceptional heating power) are chemically synthesized.
在氧化铁相中,磁铁矿(FeO)因其高饱和磁化强度和低毒性,常被选用于纳米技术和生物医学应用。尽管有多种合成路线试图制备磁铁矿纳米颗粒(NPs),但由于难以获得单相且化学计量的FeO相,它们通常被称为“IONPs”(氧化铁纳米颗粒)。此外,当合成较大尺寸的纳米颗粒(>20 nm)时,尺寸/形状多分散性通常会增加。只有通过制备高度均匀的体系,才能明确纳米材料与其性质之间的关联,而这又只能通过不断改进合成方法来实现。毫无疑问,解决IONPs的组成异质性并使其保持单分散,仍然是合成化学面临的一项挑战。在此,我们对油酸铁分解法进行了系统优化,以获得不含任何次生相痕迹且无需合成后处理的FeO单纳米晶体。通过调整反应混合物的总体积和沸点,将纳米颗粒的平均尺寸控制在20至40 nm之间范围内。穆斯堡尔光谱和直流磁强计表明,这些纳米颗粒呈现出完美的化学计量FeO相。这些纳米颗粒所表现出的高饱和磁化强度(室温下为93(2)A·m/kg)和极其尖锐的韦尔维转变(约120 K)尚无先例。此外,合成方法已得到改进,以获得具有八面体形态和合适磁各向异性的纳米颗粒,这显著提高了磁热疗性能。通过交流磁强计研究了适当聚乙二醇化的纳米八面体的加热功率,证实这些纳米颗粒的偶极相互作用可忽略不计,这导致了出色的磁热效率,且当纳米颗粒分散在高粘度和离子强度的环境中时,磁热效率不变。此外,在临床安全条件下通过量热法直接测量了纳米颗粒在生理介质中的产热情况,再次证明了该体系在热疗中的卓越适用性。据我们所知,这是首次化学合成出这种块状磁铁矿纳米颗粒(尺寸/形状多分散性极小、团聚少且加热功率优异)。
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