Graduate School of Management, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Apr;29(18):26759-26774. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17026-z. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
Climate change and tourism's interaction and vulnerability have been among the most hotly debated topics recently. In this context, the study focuses on how CO emissions, the primary cause of global warming and climate change, respond to changes in tourism development. In order to do so, the impact of tourism development on CO emissions in the most visited countries is investigated. A panel data from 2000 to 2017 for top 70 tourist countries are analysed using a spatial econometric method to investigate the spatial effect of tourism on environmental pollution. The direct, indirect, and overall impact of tourism on CO emissions are estimated using the most appropriate generalized nested spatial econometric (GNS) method. The findings reveal that tourism has a positive direct effect and a negative indirect effect; both are significant at the 1% level. The negative indirect effect of tourism is greater than its direct positive effect, implying an overall significantly negative impact. Further, the outcome of financial development and CO emissions have an inverted U-shaped and U-shaped relationship in direct and indirect impacts. Population density, trade openness, and economic growth significantly influence environmental pollution. In addition, education expenditure and infrastructure play a significant moderating role among tourism and environmental pollution. The results have important policy implications as they establish an inverted-U-shaped relationship among tourism and CO emissions and indicate that while a country's emissions initially rise with the tourism industry's growth, it begins declining after a limit.
气候变化与旅游业的相互作用和脆弱性是最近讨论最多的话题之一。在此背景下，本研究聚焦于全球变暖与气候变化的主要原因——二氧化碳排放，如何对旅游发展的变化做出响应。为此，研究调查了旅游发展对访问量最大的国家的二氧化碳排放的影响。利用空间计量经济学方法，对 2000 年至 2017 年期间 70 个主要旅游国家的面板数据进行分析，以调查旅游对环境污染的空间效应。利用最合适的广义嵌套空间计量经济学（GNS）方法，估计了旅游对二氧化碳排放的直接、间接和总体影响。研究结果表明，旅游具有积极的直接效应和消极的间接效应；两者在 1%的水平上均具有显著影响。旅游的间接负效应大于其直接正效应，表明总体上具有显著的负面影响。此外，金融发展和二氧化碳排放的结果在直接和间接影响中呈倒 U 型和 U 型关系。人口密度、贸易开放度和经济增长对环境污染有显著影响。此外，教育支出和基础设施在旅游与环境污染之间发挥了显著的调节作用。研究结果具有重要的政策意义，因为它们在旅游和二氧化碳排放之间建立了倒 U 型关系，并表明随着旅游业的增长，一个国家的排放量最初会上升，但在达到一定极限后开始下降。
