Laboratory of Public Health Entomology, Department of Zoology, M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021 Dec 11;54(1):12. doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-03014-5.
The world population exceeded 7.8 billion people in 2020 and is predicted to reach 9.9 billion by 2050 as per the current increasing rate of 25%. In view of this, ensuring human health and food security has become an issue of key importance to countries with different degrees of economic development. At the same time, the livestock sector plays a strategic role in improving the economic, environmental, and sociocultural stewardship of any nation. The cow (Bos indicus) has held a distinctive role in human history ever since its domestication because of its valued harvests like dairy products (milk, clarified butter, yogurt, curd, and buttermilk) excreta like dung and urine. These products, except dung, provide all the necessary energy and nutrients to ensure the proper growth and development of the human. They are the source of many bioactive substances, which possess immense pharmacotherapeutic action against various physiological, metabolic and infectious disorders, including COVID-19. The use of urine and dung can be considered a low-cost agricultural practice for farmers and has been extensively used in modern agriculture practices to ensure food security via soil fertility, plant pathogens, and pests. Cow urine mediated synthesized nanomaterial also display distinctive characteristics and novel applications in various fields of science and technology. Thus, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cow products, describing their biochemical constituents, bioactivities, and their utilization in the area ranging from human welfare to agriculture sustainability. An attempt is also made to present possible applications in bioenergy production and pollution reduction.
2020 年，世界人口超过 78 亿，预计按照目前 25%的增长率，到 2050 年将达到 99 亿。鉴于此，确保人类健康和粮食安全已成为不同经济发展程度国家的关键问题。与此同时，畜牧业在提高任何国家的经济、环境和社会文化管理能力方面发挥着战略作用。自驯化以来，牛（Bos indicus）在人类历史上一直扮演着独特的角色，因为它的产物如奶制品（牛奶、澄清黄油、酸奶、凝乳和白脱牛奶）和粪便和尿液等排泄物具有很高的价值。除了粪便之外，这些产品提供了人类生长和发育所需的所有必要的能量和营养。它们是许多生物活性物质的来源，这些物质对各种生理、代谢和感染性疾病具有巨大的治疗作用，包括 COVID-19。尿液和粪便的使用可以被认为是农民的一种低成本农业实践，并已在现代农业实践中广泛用于通过土壤肥力、植物病原体和害虫来确保粮食安全。牛尿介导合成的纳米材料也在科学和技术的各个领域显示出独特的特性和新的应用。因此，本文旨在全面概述牛产品，描述它们的生化成分、生物活性以及在从人类福利到农业可持续性的各个领域的应用。还试图介绍在生物能源生产和减少污染方面的可能应用。
