Kazemitabar Maryam, Garcia Danilo
Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being, Iran.
PeerJ. 2021 Nov 24;9:e12531. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12531. eCollection 2021.
Even though tobacco is one of the most preventable causes of death worldwide, it endangers more than 8 million people yearly. In this context, meta-analyses suggest that a significant part of the general Iranian population over 15 years of age smoke and that there is a need for good screening tools for smoking cravings and urges in Iran. The present study reported the translation and investigated the psychometric properties (, factor structure, validity, and reliability) of the Persian version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU) with 12 items in the Iranian context.
The translation process and content validity of the items were examined entirely in an expert panel using the Content Validity Index. The total sample of participants in which the translated version was tested consisted of 392 (172 female, 220 male, M = 22.31 years, SD = 2.90) university students who answered the QSU 12-item at the start of their participation in smoking cessation interventions. The QSU 12-item was firstly translated, then piloted using a subsample of 150 university students and finally validity and reliability of the instrument were investigated using a subsample of 242 participants. We tested the proposed models in the literature, that is, a 1-factor solution and a 2-factor solution with six items on each factor (Factor 1: desire/intention to smoke; Factor 2: relief of negative affect or withdrawal symptoms and anticipation of positive outcome). At last, we tested differences across differences in QSU-scores across different subgroups of individuals based on their demographics.
The results suggested that, in contrast to past studies, a modified 2-factor model, using five items for Factor 1 and 7 items for Factor 2, was the best fitting model ( = .95, = .09, CI = 90%). Additionally, the QSU 12-item Persian version showed good convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency (Factor 1 = .94, Factor 2 = .97), ICC (average measure ICC = .95, CI = 95%, F = 20.54, < .001), concurrent validity ( = .71, < .01), and discriminant validity ( = -.04, > .05). Finally, subgroups based on gender, marital status, (un)employment, and educational level did not differed in their responses to the QSU 12-item.
The Persian version of the QSU 12-item has satisfactory psychometric properties and, with a slight modification, it can be considered as a reliable and valid method to estimate smoking urges in the Iranian population. Moreover, the QSU 12-item seems appropriate to measure urge for smoking among groups of individuals with different sociodemographic backgrounds. Importantly, the QSU 12-item differentiates individuals' desire and intention to smoke from their anticipated relief of negative affect or withdrawal symptoms, which can be important for personalizing interventions targeting individuals who want to quit smoking.
尽管烟草是全球范围内最可预防的死亡原因之一，但每年仍有超过800万人受到其危害。在此背景下，荟萃分析表明，伊朗15岁以上的普通人群中有很大一部分人吸烟，因此伊朗需要良好的吸烟渴望和冲动筛查工具。本研究报告了《吸烟冲动问卷》（QSU）波斯语版本的翻译情况，并在伊朗背景下调查了该问卷12个条目的心理测量特性（因素结构、效度和信度）。
使用内容效度指数在专家小组中全面检查条目的翻译过程和内容效度。测试翻译版本的参与者总样本包括392名大学生（172名女性，220名男性，M = 22.31岁，SD = 2.90），他们在开始参与戒烟干预时回答了QSU的12个条目。QSU的12个条目首先被翻译，然后在150名大学生的子样本中进行预测试，最后使用242名参与者的子样本调查该工具的效度和信度。我们测试了文献中提出的模型，即单因素解决方案和双因素解决方案，每个因素有六个条目（因素1：吸烟的欲望/意图；因素2：缓解负面影响或戒断症状以及预期积极结果）。最后，我们根据人口统计学特征测试了不同个体亚组在QSU得分上的差异。
结果表明，与过去的研究不同，一个经过修改的双因素模型是最佳拟合模型，该模型中因素1使用5个条目，因素2使用7个条目（χ² = 0.95，df = 0.09，CI = 90%）。此外，QSU 12条目波斯语版本显示出良好的收敛效度和区分效度、内部一致性（因素1 = 0.94，因素2 = 0.97）、组内相关系数（平均测量ICC = 0.95，CI = 95%，F = 20.54，p < 0.001）、同时效度（r = 0.71，p < 0.01）和区分效度（r = -0.04，p > 0.05）。最后，基于性别、婚姻状况、就业情况和教育水平的亚组在对QSU 12条目的回答上没有差异。
QSU 12条目波斯语版本具有令人满意的心理测量特性，稍作修改后，可被视为估计伊朗人群吸烟冲动的可靠有效方法。此外，QSU 12条目似乎适合测量不同社会人口背景个体群体中的吸烟冲动。重要的是，QSU 12条目将个体吸烟的欲望和意图与预期缓解负面影响或戒断症状区分开来，这对于针对想戒烟的个体进行个性化干预可能很重要。
