From the Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Schüffler).
From the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York (Schüffler, Stamelos, Ahmed, Yarlagadda, Ardon, Hanna, Reuter, Klimstra, Hameed).
Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022 Oct 1;146(10):1273-1280. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0197-OA.
CONTEXT.—: Wide adoption of digital pathology requires efficient visualization and navigation in Web-based digital slide viewers, which is poorly defined.
OBJECTIVE.—: To define and quantify relevant performance metrics for efficient visualization of cases and slides in digital slide viewers.
DESIGN.—: With a universal slide viewer used in clinical routine diagnostics, we evaluated the impact of slide caching, compression type, tile, and block size of whole slide images generated from Philips, Leica, and 3DHistech scanners on streaming performance on case, slide, and field of view levels.
RESULTS.—: Two hundred thirty-nine pathologists routinely reviewed 60 080 whole slide images over 3 months. The median time to open a case's slides from the laboratory information system was less than 4 seconds, the time to change to a slide within the case was less than 1 second, and the time to render the adjacent field of view when navigating the slide was less than one-quarter of a second. A whole slide image's block size and a viewer tile size of 1024 pixels showed best performance to display a field of view and was preferrable over smaller tiles due to fewer mosaic effects. For Philips, fastest median slide streaming pace was 238 ms per field of view and for 3DHistech, 125 ms. For Leica, the fastest pace of 108 ms per field of view was established with block serving without decompression.
CONCLUSIONS.—: This is the first study to systematically assess user-centric slide visualization performance metrics for digital viewers, including time to open a case, time to change a slide, and time to change a field of view. These metrics help to improve the viewer's configuration, leading to an efficient visualization baseline that is widely accepted among pathologists using routine digital pathology.
广泛采用数字病理学需要在基于 Web 的数字幻灯片查看器中实现高效的可视化和导航，而这方面的功能尚未得到很好的定义。
定义和量化数字幻灯片查看器中有效可视化病例和幻灯片的相关性能指标。
使用临床常规诊断中使用的通用幻灯片查看器，我们评估了幻灯片缓存、压缩类型、平铺和全切片图像块大小对飞利浦、徕卡和 3DHistech 扫描仪生成的全切片图像在病例、幻灯片和视场级别上的流媒体性能的影响。
239 名病理学家在 3 个月内常规查看了 60080 张全切片图像。从中位实验室信息系统打开病例的幻灯片的时间不到 4 秒，在病例内切换到幻灯片的时间不到 1 秒，在浏览幻灯片时渲染相邻视场的时间不到四分之一秒。全切片图像的块大小和查看器的 1024 像素平铺大小显示了最佳的视场显示性能，并且由于较少的镶嵌效果，比较小的平铺更可取。对于飞利浦，最快的中位数幻灯片流速度为每视场 238ms，对于 3DHistech，为 125ms。对于徕卡，最快的速度为每视场 108ms，采用无解压的块服务。
这是第一项系统评估数字查看器中以用户为中心的幻灯片可视化性能指标的研究，包括打开病例的时间、切换幻灯片的时间和切换视场的时间。这些指标有助于改善查看器的配置，为病理学家广泛接受的高效可视化基线提供帮助。
