Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Jan 6;16(1):e0009952. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952. eCollection 2022 Jan.
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution.
The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources.
In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
白蛉（双翅目：长角亚目）是多种人类和动物病原体的重要媒介，如巴尔通体菌、黄病毒和利什曼原虫属的寄生虫原生动物，这些病原体引起利什曼病，是最严重的虫媒病之一。马格里布国家毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和利比亚占据了北非的大片地区，是这些疾病的高发地区。当地不同的气候和生态条件支持着多样化的白蛉种群，其中包括许多已证实或疑似的媒介。本综述的目的是总结经常分散的信息，并提供马格里布地区白蛉物种的最新清单，说明其特定形态特征，并绘制其报告的分布地图。
文献检索集中在学者数据库上，以综述白蛉物种分布及其在毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和利比亚疾病传播中的作用的信息，调查了 1900 年至 2020 年期间的来源。使用 Google Earth 汇总报告的每个物种的分布，并使用 ArcGIS 软件绘制分布地图。形态学插图是从各种已发表的来源中汇编的。
在马格里布地区共报告了 32 种属的白蛉（Phlebotomus）和塞氏白蛉（Sergentomyia）（利比亚 15 种，突尼斯 18 种，摩洛哥 23 种，阿尔及利亚 24 种，毛里塔尼亚 9 种）。仅在摩洛哥发现了 Phlebotomus mariae 和 Se. africana subsp. asiatica，仅在阿尔及利亚发现了 Ph. mascitti、Se. hirtus 和 Se. tiberiadis，而 Ph. duboscqi、Se. dubia、Se. africana africana、Se. lesleyae、Se. magna 和 Se. freetownensis 仅从毛里塔尼亚报告。我们的综述更新并总结了迄今为止在摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和利比亚报告的 26 种物种的地理分布，由于缺乏准确的分布数据，毛里塔尼亚未进行详细分析。此外，还总结了对物种鉴定很重要的形态差异，特别注意密切相关的物种，如 Ph. papatasi 和 Ph. bergeroti、Ph. chabaudi 和 Ph. riouxi 以及 Se. christophersi 和 Se. clydei。
