Kaminski M, Rumeau C, Schwartz D
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1978 Apr;2(2):155-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1978.tb04716.x.
A prospective study of more than 9000 women shows that during pregnancy, women consuming alcoholic beverages in excess of 40 cl of wine per day have an increased risk of the following unfavorable pregnancy outcomes: (1) the risk of stillbirth is elevated, especially for death from abruptio placentae: (2) mean birth weight is lower, and the risk of a small-for-date infant is increased; (3) placental weight is also decreased. Although heavier drinkers differ from lighter drinkers in a certain number of variables that are risk factors for the outcome of pregnancy, the increase in risk with increased alcohol consumption remains evident after adjustment for these confounding variables. The increase in risk for heavier drinkers appears to be due to beer consumption, in spite of the lower average amount of ethanol consumed by beer drinkers as compared to wine drinkers.
一项针对9000多名女性的前瞻性研究表明，在怀孕期间，每天饮用超过40厘升葡萄酒的女性出现以下不良妊娠结局的风险会增加：（1）死产风险升高，尤其是因胎盘早剥导致的死亡；（2）平均出生体重较低，过期产儿风险增加；（3）胎盘重量也会降低。尽管重度饮酒者与轻度饮酒者在一些作为妊娠结局危险因素的变量方面存在差异，但在对这些混杂变量进行调整后，随着酒精摄入量增加风险升高的情况仍然明显。重度饮酒者风险增加似乎是由于饮用啤酒，尽管与饮用葡萄酒的人相比，饮用啤酒的人平均乙醇摄入量较低。
