Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31 Praha 6, 162 52 Veleslavín, Czech Republic.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 23;19(1):121. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010121.
Fundamental movement skills (FMS), physical fitness (PF) and body fat percentage (BF%) are significantly related to socio-economic status (SES). However, it remains unclear why previous studies have had different findings regarding the direction of the association between SES and FMS, PF and BF%. A suggested explanation is that the direction of the link can be influenced by cultural experiences and traditions. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate links between SES and FMS, PF, BF% of Grade One learners from two different ethno-geographic areas in Cape Town, South Africa. Grade One children ( = 191) ( = 106 boys and = 85 girls; age (6.7 ± 0.33)) from different socio-economic areas in Cape Town, South Africa, were selected to participate in the study. South African schools are classified into five different quintiles (1 = poorest and 5 = least poor public schools). For this study, two schools were selected, one from quintile 2 and the other from quintile 5. BF% was assessed according to Slaughter's equation. FMS were measured using the Gross Motor Development Test-2 (TGMD-2) and PF via five tests: 1. dynamic strength of lower limb (broad jump); 2. dynamic strength of upper limb and trunk (throwing a tennis ball); 3. speed agility (4 × 10 m shuttle running); 4. cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run endurance test (Leger test)) and 5. flexibility (sit and reach test). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) found that BF% and WHtR were significantly greater in children with higher SES (Z = 6.04 < 0.001; Hedg = 0.54), (Z = 3.89 < 0.001; Hedg = 0.32). Children with lower SES achieved significantly better TGMD-2 standard scores in the locomotor subtest, compared to their peers with higher SES. In the object control subtest, no significant SES-related difference was found. However, ANCOVA showed that girls performed better in FMS than boys. In PF, the main effect of SES was observed in dynamic strength of trunk and upper limb (throwing) and flexibility, where children with lower SES performed significantly better. No significant difference was found in cardiorespiratory performance (CRP) (Beep test), even though children with lower SES achieved better results. Results from the current study suggest that links between SES, PF, FMS and body fat percentage in children seem to be dependent on cultural and traditional experiences. These experiences should therefore be included as an important factor for the development of programmes and interventions to enhance children's lifelong motor behaviour and health strategies.
基本运动技能（FMS）、身体健康（PF）和体脂肪百分比（BF%）与社会经济地位（SES）显著相关。然而，目前尚不清楚为什么先前的研究对于 SES 与 FMS、PF 和 BF% 之间关联的方向有不同的发现。一种解释是，这种联系的方向可能受到文化经验和传统的影响。因此，本研究的目的是调查来自南非开普敦两个不同民族地理区域的一年级学习者 SES 与 FMS、PF、BF% 之间的联系。从南非开普敦不同社会经济区域的一年级儿童（=191）（=106 名男孩和=85 名女孩；年龄（6.7±0.33））中选择了南非学校分为五个不同五分位数（1=最贫困和 5=最不贫困的公立学校）。本研究选择了两所学校，一所来自五分位数 2，另一所来自五分位数 5。BF% 根据 Slaughter 方程进行评估。FMS 使用大运动发展测试-2（TGMD-2）进行测量，PF 通过五项测试进行测量：1. 下肢动态力量（跳远）；2. 上肢和躯干的动态力量（投掷网球）；3. 速度敏捷性（4×10 米穿梭跑）；4. 心肺健康（20 米穿梭跑耐力测试（莱格测试））和 5. 柔韧性（坐式伸展测试）。协方差分析（ANCOVA）发现 SES 较高的儿童 BF% 和 WHtR 显著更高（Z=6.04 <0.001；Hedg=0.54），（Z=3.89 <0.001；Hedg=0.32）。SES 较低的儿童在移动测试子测试中 TGMD-2 标准得分显著更高，而 SES 较高的同龄儿童则不然。在物体控制子测试中，未发现与 SES 相关的显著差异。然而，ANCOVA 显示女孩在 FMS 中的表现优于男孩。在 PF 中，SES 的主要影响在躯干和上肢的动态力量（投掷）和柔韧性方面，SES 较低的儿童表现明显更好。心肺表现（Beep 测试）没有明显的 SES 差异，尽管 SES 较低的儿童成绩更好。当前研究的结果表明，儿童 SES、PF、FMS 和体脂肪百分比之间的联系似乎取决于文化和传统经验。因此，这些经验应作为制定方案和干预措施的重要因素，以增强儿童终生运动行为和健康策略。
