Muller Xonné, Pienaar Anita E, Gerber Barry, Moran Colin N, Brooks Naomi E
Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Focus Area, Faculty of Health Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Nov 25;21(12):1554. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21121554.
Global physical fitness (PF) levels have declined over the past 50 years, contributing to early health risks in children although it is still unclear how age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES) impact PF risk. This study aimed to identify unique health risks related to age, SES and gender that might influence muscular fitness (MF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of primary school children in South Africa. Children ( = 349, boys = 165; girls = 184) of low ( = 201) and high SES ( = 148) underwent three time point measurements at 6, 9 and 12 years spanning seven primary school years. MF was assessed with the strength sub-test of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) and CRF with a 20 m shuttle run. Relationships between biographical data, anthropometric data and PF were analysed using mixed linear regression models. After controlling for covariates, findings from unadjusted interaction models were used, revealing significant ( < 0.05) two-way age and SES interactions in standing long jump (SLJ), push-ups, wall-sit, sit-ups and VOmax and age and gender interactions ( < 0.001) in sit-ups, push-ups and VOmax. Universal cut-points are considered valid monitoring guidelines of PF risk in South African school children. For comparison, standardised global protocols for sit-ups and push-ups should be prioritised and intervention strategies should focus on improving PF in girls, older children from the age of 9 and children from low SES backgrounds.
在过去50年里，全球身体素质（PF）水平有所下降，这增加了儿童早期的健康风险，不过年龄、性别和社会经济地位（SES）如何影响PF风险仍不清楚。本研究旨在确定与年龄、SES和性别相关的独特健康风险，这些风险可能会影响南非小学生的肌肉力量（MF）和心肺适能（CRF）水平。低SES（n = 201）和高SES（n = 148）的儿童（n = 349，男孩 = 165；女孩 = 184）在6岁、9岁和12岁时进行了三次时间点测量，涵盖七个小学年级。MF通过布鲁因inks - 奥塞列茨基运动技能测试（BOT - 2）的力量子测试进行评估，CRF通过20米往返跑进行评估。使用混合线性回归模型分析传记数据、人体测量数据和PF之间的关系。在控制协变量后，使用未调整交互模型的结果，发现在立定跳远（SLJ）、俯卧撑、靠墙静蹲、仰卧起坐和最大摄氧量（VOmax）方面存在显著（p < 0.05）的年龄和SES双向交互作用，在仰卧起坐、俯卧撑和VOmax方面存在年龄和性别交互作用（p < 0.001）。通用切点被认为是南非学童PF风险的有效监测指南。为了进行比较，应优先采用标准化的全球仰卧起坐和俯卧撑协议，干预策略应侧重于提高女孩、9岁及以上年龄较大儿童和低SES背景儿童的PF水平。
