Design thinking to improve healthcare delivery in the intensive care unit: Promise, pitfalls, and lessons learned.

Design thinking is a problem-solving approach characterized by the empathetic lens through which designers integrate perspectives of end-users and key stakeholders throughout the entire process of developing solutions. This approach is rooted in diverse fields including engineering, computer science, psychology, and business and is increasingly widespread in healthcare. Herein, we describe the promise of design thinking to help solve intractable problems in healthcare delivery, including those within the complex social and technical intensive care unit system. We highlight our team's experience using design thinking to address the complex problem of aligning the delivery of life-sustaining treatments with patients' individual goals, values, and preferences. However, given the high stakes of design failure in healthcare, we also discuss the limitations of this approach and the potential consequences of inadequate application. Finally, we suggest a pathway forward that combines the philosophy and tools of design thinking with existing methods within healthcare delivery science, such as qualitative research, quality improvement methods, and implementation science. Ultimately, we argue that design thinking is a valuable approach to guide designers, clinicians, researchers, and administrators towards a more genuine understanding of the healthcare experience, through the lens of patients, their families, and frontline clinicians.