Vanaparthy Rachana, Mohan Gisha, Vasireddy Deepa, Atluri Paavani
Physicians for American Health Care Access, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Medicine, Suburban Community Hospital, East Norristown, Pennsylvania, USA.
Infez Med. 2021 Sep 10;29(3):328-338. doi: 10.53854/liim-2903-3. eCollection 2021.
The concept of viral vector-based vaccine was introduced in 1972 by Jackson et al and in 1982 Moss et al introduced the use of vaccinia virus as a transient gene expression vector. The technology has been used to make Ebola vaccines and now COVID-19 vaccines. There are two types of viral vector-based vaccines . replicating and non-replicating. Non-replicating viral vector-based vaccines use replication-deficient viral vectors to deliver genetic material of a particular antigen to the host cell to induce immunity against the desired antigen. Replicating vector vaccines produce new viral particles in the cells they enter, which then go on to enter more new cells which will also make the vaccine antigen. Non-replicating vector-based vaccines are more commonly utilized. Adenovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus, adenovirus associated virus, retrovirus, lentivirus, cytomegalovirus, and sendai virus have been used as vectors. Current adenovirus vector-based vaccines being administered against SARS-CoV-2 infection are JNJ-78435735 by Johnson and Johnson (Janssen) along with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, AZD1222 by Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V and Sputnik Light by Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and Convidecia vaccine by CanSino Biologics. Of the five vaccines, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Janssen vaccine for emergency use. Efficacy against COVID-19 variants has been found in all but the Convidecia vaccine so far. Heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination regimen may be the new face and more efficient immunization approach for enhanced immunity against COVID-19.
基于病毒载体的疫苗概念于1972年由杰克逊等人提出，1982年莫斯等人介绍了痘苗病毒作为瞬时基因表达载体的用途。该技术已用于制造埃博拉疫苗，现在也用于制造新冠疫苗。基于病毒载体的疫苗有两种类型：复制型和非复制型。非复制型基于病毒载体的疫苗使用复制缺陷型病毒载体将特定抗原的遗传物质传递到宿主细胞，以诱导针对所需抗原的免疫反应。复制型载体疫苗在其进入的细胞中产生新的病毒颗粒，这些病毒颗粒随后会进入更多新细胞，这些新细胞也会产生疫苗抗原。非复制型基于载体的疫苗使用更为普遍。腺病毒、水疱性口炎病毒、痘苗病毒、腺相关病毒、逆转录病毒、慢病毒、巨细胞病毒和仙台病毒都曾用作载体。目前正在使用的针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染的腺病毒载体疫苗有强生公司（杨森）与贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心联合研发的JNJ-78435735、牛津大学-阿斯利康公司的AZD1222、加马列亚流行病学和微生物学研究所的卫星五号和卫星五号轻型疫苗，以及康希诺生物公司的克威莎疫苗。在这五种疫苗中，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已批准杨森疫苗紧急使用。到目前为止，除克威莎疫苗外，其他四种疫苗对新冠病毒变异株均有疗效。异源初免-加强新冠疫苗接种方案可能是增强针对新冠病毒免疫力的新面貌且更有效的免疫方法。
