Department of Biosciences, Division Zoology, Career Point University, Hamirpur 176041, India.
Toxicology and Pharmocology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India.
Cells. 2022 Feb 5;11(3):552. doi: 10.3390/cells11030552.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decreases the content of antioxidant status of cells by reducing the activities of reductants and antioxidative enzymes and gives rise to different pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss the mechanism of ROS-induced OS signaling and their age-associated complications mediated through their toxic manifestations in order to devise effective preventive and curative natural therapeutic remedies.
活性氧和氮物种（RONS）通过各种内源性和外源性过程产生；然而，它们被酶和非酶抗氧化剂中和。氧化剂的产生和中和之间的失衡导致氧化应激（OS）的发展，进而导致各种疾病、障碍和衰老。衰老的特征包括组织和器官功能的逐渐丧失。衰老理论解释说，与年龄相关的功能丧失是由于活性氧（ROS）的积累，以及它们随后的损伤和组织畸形。此外，由 OS 引起的疾病和障碍包括心血管疾病[CVDs]、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性肾脏病、神经退行性疾病和癌症。ROS 诱导的 OS 由不同的酶和非酶抗氧化剂中和，防止细胞、组织和器官受损。然而，长期的 OS 通过降低还原剂和抗氧化酶的活性来降低细胞抗氧化状态的含量，从而导致不同的病理状况。因此，本综述的目的是讨论 ROS 诱导的 OS 信号转导及其与年龄相关的并发症的机制，这些并发症通过其在毒性表现中介导，以设计有效的预防和治疗性天然治疗方法。
