Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran.
Nanotoxicology. 2022 Feb;16(1):88-113. doi: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2041756. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
There is a global research interest in metal nanoparticles (MNPs) due to their diverse applications, rapidly increasing use, and increased presence in the aquatic environment. Currently, most MNPs in the environment are at levels unlikely to cause overt toxicity. Sub-lethal effects that MNPs may induce, notable immunotoxicity, could however have significant health implications. Thus, deciphering the immunological interactions of MNPs with aquatic organisms constitutes a much-needed area of research. In this article, we critically assess the evidence for immunotoxic effects of MNPs in bivalves and fish, as key wildlife sentinels with widely differing ecological niches that are used as models in ecotoxicology. The first part of this review details the properties, fate, and fundamental physicochemical behavior of MNPs in the aquatic ecosystem. We then consider the toxicokinetics of MNP uptake, accumulation, and deposition in fish and bivalves. The main body of the review then focuses on immune reactions in response to MNPs exposure in bivalves and fish illustrating their immunotoxic potential. Finally, we identify major knowledge gaps in our current understanding of the implications of MNPs exposure for immunological functions and the associated health consequences for bivalves and fish, as well as the general lessons learned on the immunotoxic properties of the emerging class of nanoparticulate contaminants in fish and bivalves.
由于金属纳米粒子（MNPs）的应用广泛、使用量快速增加以及在水生环境中的存在增加，因此全球都对其展开了研究。目前，环境中的大多数 MNPs 含量都不太可能导致明显的毒性。然而，MNPs 可能引起的亚致死效应，尤其是免疫毒性，可能会对健康产生重大影响。因此，阐明 MNPs 与水生生物的免疫相互作用是一个急需研究的领域。在本文中，我们批判性地评估了 MNPs 在双壳类动物和鱼类中的免疫毒性效应的证据，因为它们是具有广泛不同生态位的关键野生动物哨兵，并且被用作生态毒理学的模型。本文的第一部分详细介绍了 MNPs 在水生生态系统中的特性、命运和基本物理化学行为。然后，我们考虑了鱼类和双壳类动物中 MNP 摄取、积累和沉积的毒代动力学。综述的主体部分重点介绍了双壳类动物和鱼类对 MNPs 暴露的免疫反应，说明了它们的免疫毒性潜力。最后，我们确定了我们对 MNPs 暴露对免疫功能的影响及其对双壳类动物和鱼类相关健康后果的理解中的主要知识空白，以及在鱼类和双壳类动物中新兴纳米级污染物免疫毒性特性方面的一般经验教训。
