Asimakis Elias, Shehata Awad A, Eisenreich Wolfgang, Acheuk Fatma, Lasram Salma, Basiouni Shereen, Emekci Mevlüt, Ntougias Spyridon, Taner Gökçe, May-Simera Helen, Yilmaz Mete, Tsiamis George
Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., 30131 Agrinio, Greece.
Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany.
Microorganisms. 2022 Jan 27;10(2):307. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10020307.
An increasing human population necessitates more food production, yet current techniques in agriculture, such as chemical pesticide use, have negative impacts on the ecosystems and strong public opposition. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides should be safe for humans, the environment, and be sustainable. Extremely diverse ecological niches and millions of years of competition have shaped the genomes of algae to produce a myriad of substances that may serve humans in various biotechnological areas. Among the thousands of described algal species, only a small number have been investigated for valuable metabolites, yet these revealed the potential of algal metabolites as bio-pesticides. This review focuses on macroalgae and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) and their extracts or purified compounds, that have proven to be effective antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, nematocides, insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth stimulants. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of the majority of these metabolites against plant pests are thoroughly discussed. The available information demonstrated herbicidal activities via inhibition of photosynthesis, antimicrobial activities via induction of plant defense responses, inhibition of quorum sensing and blocking virus entry, and insecticidal activities via neurotoxicity. The discovery of antimetabolites also seems to hold great potential as one recent example showed antimicrobial and herbicidal properties. Algae, especially microalgae, represent a vast untapped resource for discovering novel and safe biopesticide compounds.
不断增长的人口需要更多的粮食生产，但目前的农业技术，如使用化学农药，对生态系统有负面影响，并遭到公众强烈反对。合成农药的替代品应该对人类、环境安全且具有可持续性。藻类极其多样的生态位以及数百万年的竞争塑造了其基因组，使其能产生无数可能在各种生物技术领域为人类所用的物质。在已描述的数千种藻类物种中，只有少数被研究过其有价值的代谢产物，但这些研究揭示了藻类代谢产物作为生物农药的潜力。本综述聚焦于大型藻类和微藻（包括蓝细菌）及其提取物或纯化化合物，它们已被证明是有效的抗菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、杀线虫、杀虫、除草和植物生长刺激剂。此外，还深入讨论了这些代谢产物中大多数对植物害虫的作用机制。现有信息表明，其除草活性是通过抑制光合作用实现的，抗菌活性是通过诱导植物防御反应、抑制群体感应和阻止病毒进入实现的，杀虫活性是通过神经毒性实现的。抗代谢物的发现似乎也具有巨大潜力，因为最近的一个例子显示了其抗菌和除草特性。藻类，尤其是微藻，是发现新型安全生物农药化合物的巨大未开发资源。
