Immunisations and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ, London, England.
Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ, London, England.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Feb 28;22(1):405. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12830-9.
In March 2020, England went into its first lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Restrictions eased temporarily, followed by second and third waves in October 2020 and January 2021. Recent data showed that the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in reduced transmission of some invasive diseases. We assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pertussis incidence and on the immunisation programme in England.
We assessed trends in pertussis cases from 2012 to 2020 by age group and month. Incidence from the time that England eased its initial lockdown measures in July 2020 through to summer 2021 was calculated and the incidence rate ratios of pertussis cases from five years prior to the pandemic (July 2014 - June 2019) compared to the same time period during the pandemic (July 2020 - June 2021). Vaccine coverage estimates for pertussis containing vaccines were reviewed for the maternal and childhood programmes.
A substantial decline in pertussis cases was observed from April 2020 onwards, marking the lowest number of cases in the last decade. Pertussis incidence dropped in all age groups, particularly among infants less than one year old (0.50 / 100,000 during July 2020 to June 2021 compared to 24.49/ 100,000 from July 2014 to June 2019). The incidence rate ratio was 0.02 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.02) for July 2014 to June 2019 (pre-pandemic) compared to the pandemic period of July 2020 to June 2021. None of the cases had a co-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine coverage for infants born between January to March 2020 with three doses of pertussis vaccine by 12 months of age decreased by 1.1% points compared to infants born between January to March 2019 (91.6% and 92.7%, respectively). Prenatal pertussis coverage for the 2020 to 2021 financial year was 2.7% points lower than the year prior to the pandemic (70.5% and 76.8%, respectively).
Lockdown measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have had a significant impact on pertussis transmission. With the easing of restrictions it is important to continue monitoring pertussis cases in England alongside coverage of the maternal and childhood immunisation programmes.
2020 年 3 月，英国为应对 COVID-19 大流行首次进入封锁状态。限制措施暂时放宽，随后在 2020 年 10 月和 2021 年 1 月出现第二波和第三波疫情。最近的数据显示，COVID-19 大流行导致一些侵袭性疾病的传播减少。我们评估 COVID-19 大流行对百日咳发病率和英格兰免疫计划的影响。
我们按年龄组和月份评估 2012 年至 2020 年百日咳病例的趋势。计算了英格兰从 2020 年 7 月放宽初始封锁措施到 2021 年夏季期间的发病率，并将大流行前五年（2014 年 7 月至 2019 年 6 月）与大流行期间同期（2020 年 7 月至 2021 年 6 月）的百日咳病例发病率比值进行了比较。还审查了母体和儿童计划中含百日咳疫苗的疫苗接种覆盖率估计数。
自 2020 年 4 月以来，百日咳病例大幅下降，为过去十年中病例数最低的一次。所有年龄组的百日咳发病率均下降，尤其是 1 岁以下婴儿（2020 年 7 月至 2021 年 6 月期间为 0.50/100,000，而 2014 年 7 月至 2019 年 6 月期间为 24.49/100,000）。2014 年 7 月至 2019 年（大流行前）与 2020 年 7 月至 2021 年 6 月（大流行期间）相比，发病率比值为 0.02（95%CI 0.01 至 0.02）。没有一例与 SARS-CoV-2 合并感染。2020 年 1 月至 3 月间出生的婴儿在 12 个月龄时接种了三剂百日咳疫苗，其疫苗接种覆盖率比 2019 年 1 月至 3 月间出生的婴儿低 1.1 个百分点（分别为 91.6%和 92.7%）。2020 年至 2021 年财政年度的产前百日咳疫苗接种覆盖率比大流行前一年低 2.7 个百分点（分别为 70.5%和 76.8%）。
COVID-19 大流行期间的封锁措施对百日咳传播产生了重大影响。随着限制措施的放宽，重要的是要继续监测英格兰的百日咳病例，并监测母体和儿童免疫计划的覆盖率。
