Alharbi Raed Saud, Alhowail Ahmad Hamad, Alharbi Abdullah Ghareeb, Emara Ashraf Mahmoud
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Mar;29(3):1465-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.025. Epub 2021 Nov 23.
Amphetamine is one of the most abuser drugs in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to evaluate health status outcome at baseline and after detoxification in amphetamine users through the evaluation of the body mass index, renal function tests, cardiac biomarkers, gonadal hormonal levels, and oxidative stress markers. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 participants. Sixty participants were hospitalized patients for treatment of addiction and 30 participants were healthy volunteers. This study was performed at a psychiatric and rehabilitation center, in Qassim region, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants were divided into: group I = control; group II = amphetamine users and group III = amphetamine plus cannabis users. Socio-demographic data was collected. The urinary amphetamine level, Severity Dependence Scale (SDS), body mass index (BMI), vital signs; serum levels of troponin T (TnT), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), luteinizing Hormone (LH), testosterone Hormone (TSTS), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were measured on admission and after detoxification. The results showed that the BMI was significantly decreased while, vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate were significantly increased in all abusers and returned to normal values after the detoxification period. The cardiac biomarker troponin T was significantly increased and reversed after detoxification. The immune system was evaluated through assessing serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. The immune system remained immunocompromised in drug users, and IgM and IgG levels did not reach the level of control group after treatment. Luteinizing and testosterone hormones were evaluated. Both hormones were increased on admission and improved after the detoxification period. Renal function showed no significant differences between drug users and the control group. In the evaluation of the antioxidant system, there was a significant increase in serum MDA, SOD, GPx, and CAT levels compared to healthy controls. After the detoxification phase, these oxidative stress biomarkers still remained elevated. The current results have shown the addiction of amphetamine and cannabis exert detrimental effects on different body organs and the exert major consequences on the health status of drug users. The present study showed that, there was no improvement in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, although an improvement was observed in the other parameters after the detoxification phase.
苯丙胺是沙特阿拉伯滥用最为严重的毒品之一。本研究旨在通过评估体重指数、肾功能测试、心脏生物标志物、性腺激素水平和氧化应激标志物，来评价苯丙胺使用者在基线期及戒毒后的健康状况。对90名参与者进行了一项横断面研究。其中60名参与者为因成瘾接受治疗的住院患者，30名参与者为健康志愿者。本研究在沙特阿拉伯王国卡西姆地区的一家精神科和康复中心开展。参与者被分为：第一组 = 对照组；第二组 = 苯丙胺使用者；第三组 = 苯丙胺加大麻使用者。收集了社会人口学数据。在入院时及戒毒后，检测了尿苯丙胺水平、严重依赖量表（SDS）、体重指数（BMI）、生命体征；血清肌钙蛋白T（TnT）、免疫球蛋白M（IgM）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、促黄体生成素（LH）、睾酮激素（TSTS）、尿素、肌酐、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的水平。结果显示，所有滥用者的BMI均显著降低，而心率、血压和呼吸频率等生命体征显著升高，在戒毒期后恢复至正常水平。心脏生物标志物肌钙蛋白T显著升高，戒毒后恢复正常。通过评估血清免疫球蛋白（Ig）M和IgG水平来评价免疫系统。吸毒者的免疫系统仍处于免疫功能低下状态，治疗后IgM和IgG水平未达到对照组水平。对促黄体生成素和睾酮激素进行了评估。两种激素在入院时均升高，戒毒期后有所改善。吸毒者与对照组的肾功能无显著差异。在抗氧化系统评估中，与健康对照组相比，血清MDA、SOD、GPx和CAT水平显著升高。戒毒期后，这些氧化应激生物标志物仍居高不下。目前的结果表明，苯丙胺和大麻成瘾对不同身体器官产生有害影响，并对吸毒者的健康状况产生重大后果。本研究表明，尽管在戒毒期后其他参数有所改善，但氧化应激生物标志物水平并未改善。
