Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
J Nutr Educ Behav. 2022 Jun;54(6):499-509. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2021.11.009. Epub 2022 Mar 11.
To report and examine associations with infant vitamin D intake and meeting recommendations among a national sample participating in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).
Secondary analysis from the 2013-2015 WIC Infant Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.
US Infants.
Total reported vitamin D intake from diet and supplementation at the time of data collection.
Descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations.
The median total vitamin D intake ranged from 5.43 (95% confidence interval, 5.40-5.46) mcg/d at month 1 to 8.18 (95% confidence interval, 8.11-8.20) mcg/d at month 13, with 16% to 36% of infants meeting the infant vitamin D recommendation over that time. Overall, 6% to 12% of all participants reported supplementation across all time points. Although most (between 78% to 98%) of supplemented breastfed infants met the recommendation, very few were supplemented as a group. Hence, breastfed infants were less likely to meet the recommendation than those who were formula fed across at time points except month 1 (P < 0.001 for all). Whereas infant age, feeding type, and/or their interaction were significant predictors of both receiving supplementation and meeting the recommendation, mother/caregiver nativity (P = 0.006) and parity (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001) predicted receiving supplementation, and child sex (P < 0.001) and mother/caregiver race/ethnicity (P < 0.001) predicted meeting the recommendation.
Among a national sample of infants participating in WIC between 2013-2015, a high proportion were not meeting the current vitamin D recommendation. The WIC program is 1 resource for promoting strategies for increasing the number of American infants meeting D recommendations, but a coordinated approach involving other health care providers is likely needed. Future research exploring the reason for lack of supplementation, from both the perspective of parents and providers and the clinical impact of low vitamin D intake, is warranted.
报告并研究参与特殊补充营养计划妇女、婴儿和儿童（WIC）的全国样本中婴儿维生素 D 摄入量和达到建议摄入量的关联。
2013-2015 年 WIC 婴幼儿喂养实践研究-2 的二次分析。
美国婴儿。
在数据收集时从饮食和补充剂中报告的总维生素 D 摄入量。
描述性统计和广义估计方程。
中位数总维生素 D 摄入量从第 1 个月的 5.43（95%置信区间，5.40-5.46）μg/d 到第 13 个月的 8.18（95%置信区间，8.11-8.20）μg/d 不等，在此期间，16%至 36%的婴儿达到了婴儿维生素 D 推荐摄入量。总体而言，6%至 12%的参与者在所有时间点都报告了补充剂的使用。尽管大多数（78%至 98%之间）母乳喂养的婴儿补充了维生素 D，但很少有婴儿作为一个群体进行补充。因此，除了第 1 个月（所有时间点均<0.001）外，与配方奶喂养的婴儿相比，母乳喂养的婴儿不太可能在任何时间点都达到建议摄入量。虽然婴儿年龄、喂养类型和/或它们的相互作用是接受补充剂和达到建议摄入量的重要预测因素，但母亲/照顾者的原籍国（P=0.006）和产次（P=0.01 和 P<0.001）预测了接受补充剂，而儿童性别（P<0.001）和母亲/照顾者种族/族裔（P<0.001）预测了达到建议摄入量。
在 2013-2015 年期间参与 WIC 的全国婴儿样本中，很大一部分婴儿未达到当前维生素 D 建议摄入量。WIC 计划是增加符合 D 建议摄入量的美国婴儿数量的一种资源，但可能需要包括其他医疗保健提供者在内的协调方法。未来的研究需要探索缺乏补充剂的原因，包括父母和提供者的角度以及维生素 D 摄入量低的临床影响。
