Choudhary Rabia
Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Cureus. 2022 Feb 11;14(2):e22112. doi: 10.7759/cureus.22112. eCollection 2022 Feb.
Sepsis is a potentially dangerous infection that requires prompt identification and treatment. Emergency medicine physicians must grasp the clinical signs and laboratory results of direct and indirect organ failure, the source of infection management, and the criteria for treating sepsis and septic shock. The pathogenesis of sepsis is connected to inflammation and an excess of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which activate the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-PRR signaling pathways. The development of rapid, sensitive, and precise techniques for sepsis diagnosis might be aided by nanotechnology, a part of nanomedicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetic NPs, gold NPs, fluorescent (silica and quantum dots), and lipid-based NPs have all been discussed to contribute to the detection of sepsis-related microbial infections. Because of the intrinsic and unique features of these nano-sized systems, researchers are evaluating nanotechnology-based alternatives for sepsis control. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based technologies for sepsis detection and management are discussed in this study. Databases (PubMed, Medline, PMC, Google Scholar) were used to source various studies that were carried out on sepsis in terms of assessment, types, diagnosis, and treatment controversies, with more attention being given with a focus on the most recent data, principles, and management guidelines. Priority was also given to studies published within the last 11 years, using keywords such as "sepsis guidelines," "sepsis clinical," "septic risk factors," "sepsis and nano technology," "nano particles," "sepsis controversies," and "nano diagnostic" in the search. After a filtration process, the eight most relevant studies were selected to be included in this review. The filtration process included the use of both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The excluded studies were pediatric populations, obstetrical populations, and nanotechnology advancements dealing with other fields not relating to sepsis. The selected studies were also undertaken through a quality appraisal process using corresponding assessment tools. The selected articles were all highly informative about sepsis and the processes of diagnosis and treatment that are currently in use as well as those that are still being developed or implemented. Furthermore, we look at how nanomedicine in the application of nanomaterials can be employed to efficiently manage sepsis.
脓毒症是一种潜在危险的感染，需要及时识别和治疗。急诊医学医生必须掌握直接和间接器官衰竭的临床体征及实验室检查结果、感染源管理以及脓毒症和脓毒性休克的治疗标准。脓毒症的发病机制与炎症以及过量的活性氧和氮物质有关，这些物质会激活病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）-模式识别受体（PRR）和损伤相关分子模式（DAMP）-PRR信号通路。纳米技术作为纳米医学的一部分，可能有助于开发快速、灵敏且精确的脓毒症诊断技术。诸如磁性纳米颗粒、金纳米颗粒、荧光（二氧化硅和量子点）纳米颗粒以及脂质基纳米颗粒等纳米颗粒（NPs）都已被讨论可用于脓毒症相关微生物感染的检测。由于这些纳米级系统的固有和独特特性，研究人员正在评估基于纳米技术的脓毒症控制替代方案。本研究讨论了基于纳米技术的脓毒症检测和管理的最新进展。利用数据库（PubMed、Medline、PMC、谷歌学术）获取了就脓毒症的评估、类型、诊断和治疗争议等方面开展的各类研究，更多关注的是最新数据、原则和管理指南。还优先选取了过去11年内发表的研究，搜索时使用了“脓毒症指南”“脓毒症临床”“脓毒症危险因素”“脓毒症与纳米技术”“纳米颗粒”“脓毒症争议”和“纳米诊断”等关键词。经过筛选过程，选择了八项最相关的研究纳入本综述。筛选过程包括使用纳入和排除标准。被排除的研究包括儿科人群、产科人群以及涉及与脓毒症无关的其他领域的纳米技术进展。所选研究还通过使用相应评估工具进行了质量评估过程。所选文章对于脓毒症以及当前正在使用的诊断和治疗过程以及仍在开发或实施的过程都提供了丰富信息。此外，我们探讨了纳米医学在纳米材料应用中如何能够有效管理脓毒症。
