Łukasiewicz Research Network-Textile Research Institute, 5/15 Brzezinska St., 92-103 Lodz, Poland.
Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
Molecules. 2022 Mar 19;27(6):1992. doi: 10.3390/molecules27061992.
This paper discusses the electrochemical behavior of antiviral drug Tenofovir (TFV) and its possible applicability towards electroanalytical determination with diverse detection strategies using square-wave voltammetry. Namely, oxidation processes were investigated using glassy carbon electrode with graphene oxide surface modification (GO/GCE), while the reduction processes, related to the studied analyte, were analyzed at a renewable silver amalgam electrode (Hg(Ag)FE). Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the successful deposition of GO at the electrode surface. Catalytic properties of graphene oxide were exposed while being compared with those of bare GCE. The resultant modification of GCE with GO enhanced the electroactive surface area by 50% in comparison to the bare one. At both electrodes, i.e., GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE, the TFV response was used to examine and optimize the influence of square-wave excitation parameters, i.e., square wave frequency, step potential and amplitude, and supporting electrolyte composition and its pH. Broad selectivity studies were performed with miscellaneous interfering agents influence, including ascorbic acid, selected saccharides and aminoacids, metal ions, non-opioid analgesic metamizole, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug omeprazole, and several drugs used along with TFV treatment. The linear concentration range for TFV determination at GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE was found to be 0.3-30.0 µmol L and 0.5-7.0 µmol L, respectively. The lowest LOD was calculated for GO/GCE and was equal to 48.6 nmol L. The developed procedure was used to detect TFV in pharmaceutical formulations and patient urine samples and has referenced utilization in HPLC studies.
本文讨论了抗病毒药物替诺福韦（TFV）的电化学行为及其在使用方波伏安法的各种检测策略下，通过电分析测定的可能适用性。也就是说，使用氧化石墨烯修饰的玻碳电极（GO/GCE）研究了氧化过程，而与研究分析物相关的还原过程则在可更新的银汞齐电极（Hg(Ag)FE）上进行分析。扫描电子显微镜成像证实了 GO 在电极表面的成功沉积。研究了氧化石墨烯的催化性能，并与裸 GCE 进行了比较。与裸 GCE 相比，GO 对 GCE 的修饰使电极的电活性表面积增加了 50%。在 GO/GCE 和 Hg(Ag)FE 这两个电极上，都利用 TFV 的响应来检查和优化方波激发参数（方波频率、阶跃电位和振幅）以及支持电解质组成及其 pH 值的影响。通过对各种干扰剂（包括抗坏血酸、几种糖和氨基酸、金属离子、非阿片类镇痛药氨基比林、非甾体抗炎药奥美拉唑以及与 TFV 治疗一起使用的几种药物）的影响进行广泛的选择性研究。在 GO/GCE 和 Hg(Ag)FE 上测定 TFV 的线性浓度范围分别为 0.3-30.0 µmol L 和 0.5-7.0 µmol L。在 GO/GCE 上计算出的最低检测限为 48.6 nmol L。该方法已用于检测药物制剂和患者尿液样本中的 TFV，并在 HPLC 研究中得到了参考应用。
