Elsherif Mohamed, Moreddu Rosalia, Alam Fahad, Salih Ahmed E, Ahmed Israr, Butt Haider
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Apr 4;9:858784. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.858784. eCollection 2022.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease requiring a careful management to prevent its collateral complications, such as cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy, foot and hearing impairment, and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose at point-of-care settings is an established practice for diabetic patients. However, current technologies for glucose monitoring are invasive, costly, and only provide single snapshots for a widely varying parameter. On the other hand, tears are a source of physiological information that mirror the health state of an individual by expressing different concentrations of metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, salts, and proteins. Therefore, the eyes may be exploited as a sensing site with substantial diagnostic potential. Contact lens sensors represent a viable route for targeting minimally-invasive monitoring of disease onset and progression. Particularly, glucose concentration in tears may be used as a surrogate to estimate blood glucose levels. Extensive research efforts recently have been devoted to develop smart contact lenses for continual glucose detection. The latest advances in the field are reviewed herein. Sensing technologies are described, compared, and the associated challenges are critically discussed.
糖尿病是一种慢性病，需要精心管理以预防其并发症，如心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病、视网膜病变、肾病、足部和听力损伤以及神经病变。在即时护理环境中自我监测血糖是糖尿病患者的既定做法。然而，目前的血糖监测技术具有侵入性、成本高，并且仅能为一个变化很大的参数提供单次快照。另一方面，眼泪是生理信息的来源，通过表达不同浓度的代谢物、酶、维生素、盐和蛋白质来反映个体的健康状况。因此，眼睛可被用作具有巨大诊断潜力的传感部位。隐形眼镜传感器是实现疾病发作和进展的微创监测的可行途径。特别是，眼泪中的葡萄糖浓度可作为估计血糖水平的替代指标。最近人们投入了大量研究精力来开发用于持续葡萄糖检测的智能隐形眼镜。本文综述了该领域的最新进展。对传感技术进行了描述、比较，并对相关挑战进行了批判性讨论。
