Zorena Katarzyna, Michalska Małgorzata, Kurpas Monika, Jaskulak Marta, Murawska Anna, Rostami Saeid
Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71348-14336, Iran.
Biology (Basel). 2022 Apr 16;11(4):608. doi: 10.3390/biology11040608.
The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide. The onset of T1D usually occurs in childhood and is caused by the selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells (β-cells) by autoreactive T cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Despite advanced research and enormous progress in medicine, the causes of T1D are still not fully understood. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on environmental factors associated with diabetes and the identification of new factors of unexplained etiology has been carried out using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The search results were limited to the past 11 years of research and discovered 143 manuscripts published between 2011 and 2022. Additionally, 21 manuscripts from between 2000 and 2010 and 3 manuscripts from 1974 to 2000 were referenced for historical reference as the first studies showcasing a certain phenomenon or mechanism. More and more scientists are inclined to believe that environmental factors are responsible for the increased incidence of diabetes. Research results show that higher T1D incidence is associated with vitamin D deficiency, a colder climate, and pollution of the environment, as well as the influence of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections. The key viral infections affecting the risk of developing T1DM are rubella virus, mumps virus, Coxsackie virus, cytomegalovirus, and enterovirus. Since 2020, i.e., from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, more and more studies have been looking for a link between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and diabetes development. A better understanding of the role of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections related to the risk of T1DM in children and adolescents and the identification of new risk factors, especially those spread by the droplet route, is of great importance for people and families with diabetes.
1型糖尿病（T1D）在全球范围内的发病率正在上升。T1D通常在儿童期发病，是由自身反应性T细胞选择性破坏产生胰岛素的胰岛细胞（β细胞）所致，从而导致胰岛素缺乏。尽管医学研究取得了进展并取得了巨大进步，但T1D的病因仍未完全明确。因此，利用PubMed、Cochrane和Embase数据库，在网上广泛搜索了与糖尿病相关的环境因素的科学研究，并确定了病因不明的新因素。搜索结果仅限于过去11年的研究，共发现2011年至2022年间发表的143篇手稿。此外，还参考了2000年至2010年间的21篇手稿以及1974年至2000年间的3篇手稿作为历史参考，这些是展示某种现象或机制的首批研究。越来越多的科学家倾向于认为环境因素是糖尿病发病率上升的原因。研究结果表明，较高的T1D发病率与维生素D缺乏、气候寒冷、环境污染以及病毒、细菌和酵母样真菌感染的影响有关。影响T1DM发病风险的关键病毒感染是风疹病毒、腮腺炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒、巨细胞病毒和肠道病毒。自2020年即新冠疫情开始以来，越来越多的研究一直在寻找严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）与糖尿病发展之间的联系。更好地了解与儿童和青少年T1DM风险相关的病毒、细菌和酵母样真菌感染的作用，并确定新的风险因素，尤其是通过飞沫传播的因素，对糖尿病患者及其家庭非常重要。
