Begum Shabaaz J P, Pratibha S, Rawat Janhvi M, Venugopal Divya, Sahu Prashant, Gowda Abhilash, Qureshi Kamal A, Jaremko Mariusz
Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India.
Department of Physics, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru 560064, India.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Apr 8;15(4):455. doi: 10.3390/ph15040455.
Nanoparticles (NPs) are elements derived from a cluster of atoms with one or more dimensions in the nanometer scale in the range of 1-100 nm. The bio nanofabrication of metallic NPs is now an important dynamic area of research, with major significance in applied research. Biogenic synthesis of NPs is more desirable than physical and chemical synthesis due to its eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, lower energy consumption, and multifunctional nature. Plants outperform microorganisms as reducing agents as they contain large secondary biomolecules that accelerate the reduction and stability of the NPs. The produced NPs can then be studied spectroscopically (UV-Visible, XRD, Raman, IR, etc.) and microscopically (SEM, TEM, AFM, etc.). The biological reduction of a metallic ion or its oxide to a nanoparticle is quick, simple, and may be scaled up at room temperature and pressure. The rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) microbes due to the immoderate use of antibiotics in non-infected patients is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. The contemporary development of a new class of antibiotics with different mechanisms of action to kill microbes is crucial. Metals and their oxides are extremely toxic to microbes at unprecedentedly low concentrations. In addition, prevailing infections in plants and animals are raising significant concerns across the globe. NPs' wide range of bioactivity makes them ideal antimicrobial agents in agricultural and medical fields. The present review outlines the synthesis of metallic NPs from botanicals, which enables the metals to be in a stabilized form even after ionization. It also presents a valuable database on the biofunctionalization of synthesized NPs for further drug development.
纳米颗粒（NPs）是由一群原子组成的元素，其在1-100纳米范围内具有一个或多个纳米尺度的维度。金属纳米颗粒的生物纳米制造是当前一个重要的动态研究领域，在应用研究中具有重大意义。由于其生态友好、无毒、低能耗和多功能性，纳米颗粒的生物合成比物理和化学合成更受青睐。植物作为还原剂比微生物更具优势，因为它们含有大量次生生物分子，可加速纳米颗粒的还原和稳定性。然后可以通过光谱学方法（紫外可见光谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱等）和显微镜方法（扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、原子力显微镜等）对所产生的纳米颗粒进行研究。将金属离子或其氧化物生物还原为纳米颗粒快速、简单，并且可以在室温和常压下扩大规模。由于在未感染患者中过度使用抗生素导致多重耐药（MDR）微生物的增加，是人类发病和死亡的主要原因。开发具有不同作用机制以杀死微生物的新型抗生素至关重要。金属及其氧化物在极低浓度下对微生物具有极高的毒性。此外，动植物中普遍存在的感染在全球范围内引起了重大关注。纳米颗粒广泛的生物活性使其成为农业和医学领域理想的抗菌剂。本综述概述了从植物中合成金属纳米颗粒的过程，这使得金属即使在离子化后也能保持稳定形式。它还提供了一个关于合成纳米颗粒生物功能化的宝贵数据库，用于进一步的药物开发。
