El-Seedi Hesham R, El-Shabasy Rehan M, Khalifa Shaden A M, Saeed Aamer, Shah Afzal, Shah Raza, Iftikhar Faiza Jan, Abdel-Daim Mohamed M, Omri Abdelfatteh, Hajrahand Nahid H, Sabir Jamal S M, Zou Xiaobo, Halabi Mohammed F, Sarhan Wessam, Guo Weisheng
Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre Box 574 SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden
College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China.
RSC Adv. 2019 Aug 8;9(42):24539-24559. doi: 10.1039/c9ra02225b. eCollection 2019 Aug 2.
Nanoparticles (NPs) are new inspiring clinical targets that have emerged from persistent efforts with unique properties and diverse applications. However, the main methods currently utilized in their production are not environmentally friendly. With the aim of promoting a green approach for the synthesis of NPs, this review describes eco-friendly methods for the preparation of biogenic NPs and the known mechanisms for their biosynthesis. Natural plant extracts contain many different secondary metabolites and biomolecules, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and enzymes. Secondary metabolites can enable the reduction of metal ions to NPs in eco-friendly one-step synthetic processes. Moreover, the green synthesis of NPs using plant extracts often obviates the need for stabilizing and capping agents and yields biologically active shape- and size-dependent products. Herein, we review the formation of metallic NPs induced by natural extracts and list the plant extracts used in the synthesis of NPs. In addition, the use of bacterial and fungal extracts in the synthesis of NPs is highlighted, and the parameters that influence the rate of particle production, size, and morphology are discussed. Finally, the importance and uniqueness of NP-based products are illustrated, and their commercial applications in various fields are briefly featured.
纳米颗粒（NPs）是经过持续努力后涌现出的具有新启发性的临床靶点，具有独特的性质和多样的应用。然而，目前其生产中使用的主要方法并不环保。为了推广一种绿色的纳米颗粒合成方法，本综述描述了制备生物源纳米颗粒的环保方法及其生物合成的已知机制。天然植物提取物含有许多不同的次生代谢产物和生物分子，包括黄酮类化合物、生物碱、萜类化合物、酚类化合物和酶。次生代谢产物能够在环保的一步合成过程中将金属离子还原为纳米颗粒。此外，使用植物提取物进行纳米颗粒的绿色合成通常无需使用稳定剂和封端剂，并且能够产生具有生物活性的、形状和尺寸依赖性的产物。在此，我们综述了天然提取物诱导金属纳米颗粒的形成，并列出了用于合成纳米颗粒的植物提取物。此外，还强调了细菌和真菌提取物在纳米颗粒合成中的应用，并讨论了影响颗粒生成速率、尺寸和形态的参数。最后，阐述了基于纳米颗粒的产品的重要性和独特性，并简要介绍了它们在各个领域的商业应用。
